Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation

Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation In this second chapter of the literature review, the theoretical background of motivation is explained. This chapter will align major factors like the importance of motivation, what motivate individual to engage in adventure tourism, specially the baby boomers, and how motivation could help in the decision making process. 3.1. Motivation The theory of motivation was first developed during the Post-World War II, more precisely during the 50s and 60s (Zehrer and Siller, 2007). The term Motivation is originated from the Latin word Movere, and this means to move (Wing, 2011). Motivation can be defined as the process by which an individual will be determined to take action or behave in a certain manner (Decrop, 2006). Motivation is known to be one of the fundamental reasons to understand and explain why does behavior happened. (Snepenger, King, Marshall, and Uysal, 2006) in (Phan, 2010). Moreover, Solomon (2004) described motivation as a driving force that pushes individuals to action. Motivation is all about a state of need and desire to do and achieve something (Moutinho, 2000) in (Esichaikul, 2012). 3.2. Motivation in the tourism context Understanding the concept of motivation in tourism is to understand the basic motives and reasons for tourists to travel (Trang, 2011). Several studies have been undertaken on tourism motivations, it includes Plog (1974), Crompton (1979), Hudman (1980); Dann (1981); IsoAhola (1982); Beard and Ragheb (1983); Pearce and Caltabiano (1983); Mansfeld (1992); Uysal and Hagan (1993); Fodness (1994); Gibson and Yiannakis (2002); Kozak (2002); Horner andSwarbrooke (2004); Kurzman and Zauhar(2005); Decrop (2006); Zehrer and Siller (2007); Devonish and Jonsoon (2008); Romando (2008); Esichaikul (2012). Lots of research has been undertaken on tourist motivation to travel to a particular destination but little has been done on motivation of tourists to participate in leisure or adventure activities. Few have been analyzed as part of research and most commonly and recent ones well known are from Hudson (2003); Pomfret (2004); Phan (2010); Smerek (2010); Reynolds and Hritz (2012). Referring to Leipers philosophy, understanding tourists consumer behavior is an essential tool for successful tourism planning and marketing activity (Choibamrong, 2005). It is obvious that consumers behavior is by no means easy and is influenced by so many factors principally in globalization era 3.3. Adventure, baby boomers and Motivation Sung et al (1997) in Sung et al (2004) stated thatin adventure travel it is significant to understand the main motives of people to engage in specific activities, analyzing the travelers characteristics such as demographic information, psychographics like main needs and wants and their principle expectation (Weber, 2001). Studies have demonstrated that older tourists perceived adventure tourism more tempting and want to adventure themselves to gain a personal satisfaction (Gibson and Singleton, 2011). Some older people have the desire to get away from stress and boredom of daily routine. They want to enjoy their holidays with a range of exciting and new physically challenging activities and meet new people to build up relationships (Camden and Mccoll-Kennedy, 1990; Kludge, 2005).To understand motivation in leisure activities is to understand what encouraged tourists to choose a certain activity (PhanThi Kim Lien, 2010). Empirical studies have shown that the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) model was an adequate instrument in understanding travel motivation (Kim, 1997; Lee, 1998; Loker-Murphy, 1995; Mills, 1985; Pearce, 1988, 2005; Teichmann and Zins, 2009). The TCL model is the most probableapplication for the design of motivational research for special markets such as eco tourists for instance (Pearce, 2005). From this statement, we deduct that the model is thus observed to be a suitable tool for adventure tourism. The concept of the TCL model was initiated by Pearce (1988)and updated in his publication in 2005, The Tourist Behavior: Themes and Conceptual Schemes (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Adapted from Maslows (1970), Pearce adopt the five hierarchical categories of influencing the tourist motivation (Teichmann and Zins, 2009). This includes Biological needs (Relaxation needs), safety and security needs (or level of stimulation), Relationship development and extension needs, self-esteem and development needs and Self-actualization and fulfillment needs. The TCL presumed that tourists when gaining more travel experience will go up the ladder towards high-level needs. Figure 2 demonstrate the hierarchy of Pearce Travel career ladder:This includes Fulfillment level, Self-esteem and development, relationship, stimulation and relaxation. http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0160738398000449-gr1.gif Figure 2: Hierarchy of Pearce Travel Career ladder Source: Ryan (1998) According to the TCL model and diverse tourist motivation and experience, people may start at different level of the ladder; this may varies with some up warding the ladder and some others down warding it (McNeil and Williams, 2011). For instance, a new tourist in adventure might wish to start with a soft activity like bird-watching or horse-riding, an activity that demand less physical efforts, low in risk and experience peace and harmony. Moreover considering the security and safety needs, one must wish an activity low from risk while the other one seeking for adrenaline might want an activity high in risk. As per Phan (2010), someone might have a greater need for achievement rather than a need foraffiliation, power, or uniqueness. This can involve participating in an activity or doing something all alone isolating themselves from others so as to satisfy main needs and desires. Additionally, such individuals like to set personal goals that are neither too low in a way for it to be achievable nor too high that would be impossible. It is significant to point out that similar to Maslows hierarchy of needs, the TCL coincide with the theoretical framework, because it clearly shows that as people acquire more experiences, their motivation tend to change (Ryan, 1998). Moreover, Ryan (1998) notes that those traveling for the first time might prefer to book a package tour for more security butin time and with more experience will opt for a more self-arranged travel itinerary (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Similarly, Crompton (1979) came out with seven dimensions of motivation as an influence to leisure this include escapism; relaxation; prestige; exploration and self-evaluation; regression; kinship relationships enhancement and facilitation of social interaction. It is further observed that motives for social interaction, enhancement of human relations and pleasure seeking has repetitively been observed and analyzed as major motivating factor in different studies (Beard and Ragheb, 1983; Kim and Chalip, 2004; Kozak, 200 2; Wann, Ensor and Bilyeu 2001; Zhang and Lam, 1999), cited in (Regan and Carlson, 2009). Another tool, well known in evaluating tourist motivation is the leisure motivation scale of Beard and Ragheb (1980; 1983). This is found to be a suitable tool in measuring leisure motivation factor since it encompassesintellectual, social, mastery/competence, and stimulus avoidance motives. The intellectual elements mean that people participating in leisure activities are in quest of discovery, increase their knowledge. The second factor is the social motive; this implies a personal motive that will satisfy human relationship with others, a sense of belonging, and respect from others (Maslows hierarchy, 1943). The third motivational factor is competence/mastery motive. This stimulates individuals engaging in leisure physical activities to achieve, master, challenge and compete. The last motive is the stimulus-avoidance motive, which is about escapism from the monotonous routine, stress and tension, or to refresh and have rest in a new environment (Phan, 2010; Niemela, 2010). 3.4. Segmentation based on motivation According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004: 158), Market Segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct market mix.When talking about motivation, it is important to consider the aspect of segmentation. The baby boomers could be considered as one segment of new or future retirees but their motives are diverse (Phan, 2010). Categorizing the motives into different characteristics will help researchers and marketers to benefit from profound and useful information. It has been observed that the expansion of adventure tourism is principally due to a demographic, personal, socio-economic, political and technological change (Swarbrookeet al. 2003). It is true that changes are not constant and keep updating, but such trends are known to be basis of forecasts for several researchers. One of the most important influences of tourist motivation is the demographic characteristics (Rose and Kahle, 1998; Muso, Hall and Higham, 2004; Bonera, 2008). Demographics element consists of gender, age category, family patterns, nationality (Swarbrookeet al. 2003; Bonera, 2008; Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). Many women have few children or have already adult children living on their own and as part of family and household structure; there are more single-parent families and childless couples (Swarbrooke et al. 2003). Another aspect which is gaining more persuasion on the tourist motivation is age (Bonera, 2008). Gibson and Yiannakis (2002) have studied this theory, underlying the tourism reason through a life cycle. This explains that those baby boomers aged from 47 to 50 are more motivated to travel and engage in activities due to superior economic benefit. This additionally led to a desire to show off their status reached, in quest of challenge and adrenaline or simply a desire to experience something new completely different from their usual routine. While those aged between 50 and 55 years old, and those over 65 are more involved in soft activities that demand less effort and where security is mended. On the other hand other research has found that gender and age are factors affecting the perceived image and choice for particular leisure areas (Baloglu, 1997; Baloglu and McCleary, 1999; Chen and Kerstetter, 1999; Walmsley and Jenkins, 1993).In opposition, Andreu, Kozac, Avci and Cifter (2005) found that age of someone do not have any striking influence on the motivation. The authors assessed that females had stronger motivations to travel than males where male tourists had a preference for more demanding recreational activities, asking for actionswhile female tourists had a stronger need for relaxation and escape-based motives (Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). As mentioned earlier, nationality as well as culture can influence the tourist choice in engaging in adventure activities (Swarbrooke et al.2003). This includes tourists from cold areas traveling in warm areas or vice versa, choosing a destination where the climate might be more adequate and better to practice a particular activity than would have been in their country. This can include tourists from European market coming to exotic destination to do water sport activities like whitewater rafting, kite surfing, or wind surfing such activities being more suitable for exotic destination having the sea, good wind conditions and deep waves. These demographic trends are a result of a change in social advancement and more financial power; moreover there are socio-economic factors. Socio-economic trends include income and time disposable, changing attitudes to ageing, lifelong education, Health and fitness. In todays world, baby boomers have the time, tendency to travel and experience new activities but more importantly have the money to enjoy all the privilege of recreational activities (Patterson, 2006). It is observed that in nearly all developed countries, those people being 55 or above benefit from better discretionary income having all investments and debts cleared for the house, having adult children no longer dependent on them (Chon and Singh, 1995). As seen previously, baby boomers tend to be more educated than their predecessors (Patterson, 2006). Mintel (2000b) state leisure is perceived as a personal growth since individuals turn out to be more full-grown and more educated. As a result, these people are more interested to engage in adventure for self-development and to improve lifelong education (Swarbrookeet al .2003). Moreover, an increase in healthier way of life is an indication of more baby boomers participation in adventure activities. A modernization in technology has result in an impressive increase in adventure participation. This has improved the ease of access to many adventure recreation sites. Subsequently, technological improvements have brought some facilities to the skill of the participant primarily while engaging in dangerous proceedings or environments. There is also progression in clothing and equipment, for example climbing ropes (Ewert and Hollenhorst, 1997). Baby boomers are really concerned about safety and security aspects and such measures being taken by adventure operators has encourage further participation. In addition, due to the technological advancement, baby boomers are now arranging their own trip arrangement through direct reservation on the internet, looking on their own for discounted prices rather than going to tour operators. Parr (2012) identified this trend and argue that internet booking has known a rapid growth since 7years. In 2005, they used to book their holidays through dire ct travel agency but in 2012, this has dropped down and more baby boomers are now finding it easier and cheaper to book on the internet. 3.5. Push and Pull Factors The key to comprehend tourism motives in any tourism literature is often categorized into the terms push and pull forces (Crouch et al, 2004). Dann (1977) was the first researcher to propose these two dimensions, other researchers relied on the theory as well (Crompton, 1979; Mannel and Iso-Ahola, 1987; Bandura, 1987; Yuan and Donald, 1990; Andreu, Bigne and Cooper, 2000; Kozak, 2002; Swarbrooke et al, 2003; Woodside and Martin, 2008). 3.5.1. Push factors Push factors can be defined as intangible factors that push a tourist away from his home, while Pull factors are tangible factors pulling tourists towards a destination (Andreu, Bignr and Cooper, 2000) in (mo 44). Push factors are often related to inner motives such a desire for novelty and escapism (mo 29) and pull factors similar to outer motives like the attractiveness of a particular destination or activity (mo 29). Conventionally, push motives were considered as functional to elucidate the reasons for travelling, in this study engaging in the activities while pull motives is observed as practical to give explanation to the actual destination or activities choice (mo 27). Push factors are principally known to be socio-psychological motives that affect the tourist consumer decision, whilst pull factors are those stimuli that pulled someone to try the experience (Mo 37). Crompton (1979) in partial agreement with Dann (1977) considers seven push factors include escapism from the daily routine, examination and evaluation of self-development and progress, in quest of new friendship and social relationship. The pull motives involve novelty and education (mo 47), (mo 6). Baby boomers are mostly pushed in adventure tourism for fun (Hudson, 2003). Baby boomers are in quest of latest and exciting adventure experiences, test their physical abilities and continue to be more active. Swarbrooke et al (2003) (Mo 1). Patterson (2006) points out that some are really seeking bigger change, diversity, challenge to escape the monotony of everyday routine. On the other hand, Muller and OCass (2001) put forward the notion of subjective age as foremost motive for baby boomers to take on adventure travel. Older people have this desire and nostalgia to feel younger and their trip and choice preferences are frequently similar to younger people (Patterson, 2006). There is nowadays an increasing consideration and need for personal development, this was principally due to higher education, professional development and excellence and thanks to globalization that such demand and motives have been popularized (Swarbrooke et al.,2003). 3.5.2 Pull factors Pull factors are also known as outer motivations (Robinson et al, 2011), where individuals is pulled or enticed by other factors to engage in something while the decision has already been made (Lam and Hsu, 2006). On the other hand, Jang and Cai (2002, p.114) state that pull elements is what influence someone in its decision, this encompass the When, Where and How to do things. In the context of Adventure Tourism, destination is one element of pull factors that play a vital role in the motivation of individuals (Ewert, 1985; Millington et al., 2001, p.77). This could be choosing a destination because of the beauty that comprise its natural surrounding, for instance taking the decision to go for Safari in Kenya or going for mountaineering in the Himalayas. Moreover, the pull factor could be due to a favorable weather condition (Pomfret, 2004).For example, to enjoy from a good weather conditions for kite surfing in Mauritius, one should participate in it during the winter season, starting from June to November. These periods are suitable since the island is under the South East Trade winds influence. In addition, the natural environment in which the activity is occurred can be studied all the way through the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Pomfret, 2004). The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum can be defined as the availability of the choice to participate in a preferred recreation activity within a preferred setting and to enjoy the desired experience (The British Columbia Resources Inventory Committee, 1998, p. Iv). This encompasses a range of setting prior to the physical environment including majorly access, remoteness, naturalness as well as the countryside and topography (Clarke and Stankey, 1979). This natural setting in adventure tourism could be seen as an influential factor. For instance, a baby boomer might prefer a natural landscape where access is not so easy, requiring a minimum level of risk, being totally primitive and one with nature. On the contrary, another can be looking for a site where access is easy, easy-doing activities and where they could benefit from som e facilities on-site. Therefore, it is to be noted that the decision to participate in the activity was already made; nevertheless the characteristics of the location could act as a dominant feature in the individuals choice. Finally, there are the marketing elements acting as basic stimuli as part of pull factor. This include the marketing mix which is product, place, price, promotion (Kotleret al., 2008), followed by promotional and advertising aspects (Goosens, 2000). Though through brochures, travel books and internet, individuals are persuaded or stimulated to engage in a particular activity.

Plantation agriculture Essay

Plantation agriculture is a kind of commercial arable farming in the world. It is especially important in humid tropics with luxuriant growth of vegetation. Its economic effectiveness is always emphasized, bringing both positive and negative impacts. In recent decades, crop diversification is introduced and the ecological balance of the natural environment is greatly conserved. Plantation agriculture refers to the growing of cash crops on large foreign owned estates in countries of tropical environment. It is usually practiced in a large scale with monoculture, in which only a certain type of plant is dominant. Take Papua New Guinea as an example, in the area, cacao, coffee and rubber are mainly grown in the region for export to other countries. Under this kind of farming, there are positive impacts to the economy. Firstly, due to its large scale of operation and being export-oriented in Papua New Guinea, the supply of products is regular and of uniformly high quality. With high demand for the products, this attracts large amount of investment of capital from the foreign countries, such as Europe and North America, thus allowing the farmers being financially able to provide the expensive machinery capable of turning out a high grade product. Benefiting from economies of scale, this enables both the transportation cost and production cost to be lowered. Secondly, plantations are also able to undertake greater scientific research and the eradication of pests and diseases. For example, one large sugar company in the former British colony of Guyana was able to employ a large research staff to produce a strain of sugar cane resistant to leaf-scald disease. Besides, government assistance has brought improved crop varieties, scientific research, new pesticides and fertilizers and effective marketing, The government of Papua New Guinea launched The Cape Hoskins Oil Palm Scheme to solve land disputes of many small holdings, strengthening national self-reliance. With increasing demand for the plantation, the employment rate of Papua New Guinea is greatly increased as there are more needs for personnel to manage crop growing and researching. Some crop processing and manufacturing industries are set up to satisfy the demand for crops. The farm productivity is increased as well. As people can earn more income from this kind of farming, this stimulates the rate of urbanization, hence the development of infrastructure and improvement of public facilities, such as roads, railways, ports, towns, schools, hospitals and the supply of electricity and water. As a result, the living standard of the labour is greatly improved. Despite the economic benefits, plantation farming somehow brings negative impacts to Papua New Guinea. First is the reliance upon the protected markets in Australia. At present, about one-third of the copra, 40 percent of the coffee, most of the cocoa and rubber is exported to Australia, which is assigned to admit duty free. In return, Papua New Guinea has to pay taxes for any imports. This leads to outflow of capital to foreign countries because this kind of farming is highly export-oriented. Second is the problem of labour. Plantations require large amount of cheap labour, but the wage rate is progressively higher because of the rising living standard and commercialization of the country. This increases the cost of production and thus reduces the competitiveness among other countries for the same kind of farming. Apart from this, the risk of crop failure is an important factor for consideration. As plantation agriculture is highly specialized. People highly rely on monoculture to earn a living. When the price of cash crops falls drastically or there is a sudden of crop failure, the income of farmers will fall as well. As a result, the earning of farmers tend to be unstable and badly affected the national income of Papua New Guinea. Besides, people have to import other necessities from other countries instead of planting within their own country, self-sufficiency cannot be achieved. In this way, there is no other source to safeguard the return of farmers. To overcome the negative impacts, crop diversification is a good method to reduce the over-reliance on certain types of cash crops. Ecologically, this method can also be beneficial to the environment. Since different types of crops are grown, the risk of crop failure decreases. This can stop the spread of diseases and pests for a particular type of crops. The population of pests decreases. This in turn reduces the use of pesticides. Hence, the chance of stream pollution is smaller, the sea organisms will not be poisoned or suffocated so easily, the nutrient flow can be more stable. There will be greater diversity of species of biomass, so the ecosystem will be more stable. Furthermore, diversification of crops increases the vegetation cover. There will be less surface runoff and soil erosion, yet infiltration increases. The nutrients of the soil can be preserved. Crop diversification also reduces the exhaustion of certain type of nutrients, fertility can be maintained and thus the use of fertilizer will be less common as well. Climatically, because of less crop failures, the amount of biomass increases. The evapotranspiration rate and wind speed can be more stable, so the microclimate can be maintained constant, the risk of global warming will not be getting serious so fast. In conclusion, plantation of cash crops is significant in Papua New Guinea for economic development. Though crop diversification may not be as profitable as plantation agriculture, ecological environment should not be ignored. In long-term, diversification of crops is a good way to safeguard the natural environment and brings more stable income to the farmers as well.

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys...

Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment explores the dangerous effects of St. Petersburg, a malignant city, on the psyche of the impoverished student Raskolnikov. In this novel, Petersburg is more than just a backdrop. The city plays a central role in the development of the characters and the actions that they take. Raskolnikov survives in one of the cramped, dark spaces that are characteristic of Petersburg. These spaces are like coffins; they suffocate Raskolnikovs mind. St. Petersburg creates a grotesque environment in which Raskolnikov can not only create the Overman Theory, but he can also carry it out by murdering a pawnbroker in cold blood, then†¦show more content†¦According to the Overman Theory, extraordinary people have the responsibility to transgress the laws of society to bring about a greater good. Raskolnikov applies the Arithmetic of Morality to the Overman Theory, and he concludes that an extraordinary person is the one who should save the hundred people, even if he has to commit murder in the process. Raskolnikov’s cramped, isolated spaces allow him to not only accept these theories as true, but he is able to take them a step further in believing that he is one of these extraordinary people. The spaces that Raskolnikov inhabits close in on him; the physical spaces restrict his body. This tears apart his psyche. Just as he cannot escape the grotesque spaces in Petersburg to find solitude, Raskolnikov’s ideas continue to bounce around in his mind until he has thought about them so much that they make sense. The ideas become so distorted in this process that it is possible for Raskolnikov to convince himself that he is an Overman, an extraordinary person. This implies that in the greater interest of society he is obligated to commit murder. Petersburg is a city where the poor exist in cramped, dark spaces that distort Raskolnikovs thought patterns and keep him from finding peace. In ordinary circumstances, a home is a place of sanctuary from the rest of the world. It is the place where one can retreat to and find peace. Raskolnikov has no sanctuary. His room is not a place of peace, but instead aShow MoreRelatedBook Report of the Novel Crime and Punishment2105 Words   |  9 PagesRead |: Crime and Punishment | |Author |: Fyodor Dostoyevsky | |Publisher |: Penguin | On the surface, Crime and Punishment is the story of a murder, set in the city of St. Petersburg, then the Russian capitalRead MoreBook Report of the Novel Crime and Punishment2095 Words   |  9 PagesBook Read |: Crime and Punishment | |Author |: Fyodor Dostoyevsky | |Publisher |: Penguin | On the surface, Crime and Punishment is the story of a murder, set in the city of St. Petersburg, then the Russian capital. It

Democracy Is A System Of Rule By People Of Wealth - 803 Words

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There should not be biased or restrictions against people in a democratic country. There are several essential principles that provide the democracy, which includes: equality in voting, representation, effective participation, and rule of decision. In the constitution of the United States, each amendment in the Bill of rights is there to guarantee that the government is ruled by and for the people not ruling over the people. The First Amendment of the Bill of Rights ensures people the right to express their opinion. As a result, theShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Democracy Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesChurchill’s claim that â€Å"democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried† is deliberately provocative and intended to challenge the reader’s simplistic ideal that democracy is without faults. There are an estimated 114 democracies in the world today (Wong, Oct 3rd lecture). 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Anthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange - 987 Words

Imagine existing in a world run by sadistic and insane street gangs who reek havoc on innocent civilians, and there is absolutely nothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through those changes, but also helped influences some social changes in literature and music. Anthony Burgess was a jack-of-all-trades throughout his 76-year-old life. He was a novelist, composer, children’s book writer, play writer, essayist, critic, and†¦show more content†¦Burgess also served in the British army during World War II as the musical director of a special services unit. He was also an education officer in Malaya and Brunel, where he studied nine languages and wrote sev eral novels. â€Å"In 1954 he became a senior lecturer in English at Teachers Training College, Khata Baru. There he found his true vocation.†, said journalist Colin Covert in one of his reviews of Anthony Burgess. William Shakespeare primarily inspired Burgess’s writing and the great composer, Ludwig van Beethoven, was the main inspiration for his musical career. Anthony loved to travel to different countries and study their language and culters, which he incorporated into his many works. He was greatly influenced by James Joyce, a 20th century Irish novelist and poet, to write his first novel, A Vision of Battlement. Traveling and teaching English around the world, particularly Malaya ad Brunel, influenced the way he wrote. His experiences in World War II, and his day-to-day life observing the street gangs around the world, influenced what he wrote about. Collin Burrow, of the London Review of Books, once described Burgess as a, â€Å"1960’s sideboard writer. His range was improbable.† The genres of Burgess’s works were historical fiction, philosophical, satire, epics, spy fiction, horror, travel literature, biography, and autobiography. Burgess’s vision has been described as â€Å"bleak and pessimistic† butShow MoreRelatedA Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess1960 Words   |  8 PagesAnthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange has been placed under much scrutiny by literary critics and readers everywhere. Furthermore, this highly criticized novel contains a myriad of ways to engage with the work, whether it is from the psychological or ethical perspective. Through College Literature Journal’s article â€Å"O My Brothers†, the unnamed author draws interesting connections between the main character’s development and how pseudo-families and pseudo- self plays a part on this said developmentRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess1383 Words   |  6 PagesFree Will in Humans In the novel, A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess argues how free will is empowered by society and the government. Through the character Alex, the author is able to explicate his ideas of how the government strips Alex’s freewill while being in presence of violence in order to force him to be good. But is Alex still considered human without choice? Is goodness considered good when it is not chosen? People have the right to choose right from wrong on their own, just like AlexRead MoreA Clockwork Orange, by Anthony Burgess1034 Words   |  5 PagesImagine having stolen, raped, and even murdered all at the age of 15. The new canon of dark literature and controversy has finally hit the stage. A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess written in 1962 could only be described in the old cockney expression â€Å"queer as a clockwork orange†. Meaning it is bizarre internally, but appears natural on the surface. The story begins with the protagonist and narrator Alex a 15-year-old boy, who sets the bar for the most cold-blooded and callous characters of literatureRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess1473 Words   |  6 PagesLinking the fundamental conflict between individual identity and societal identity with musical imagery in the story â€Å"A Clockwork Orange† by Anthony Burgess, creates a lens through which one can recognize the tendency that violence can destroy an individual’s identity. The main protagonist and narrator of the story is Alex and although he associates violence with his own individual identity and sense of self, he consistently reveals the impossibility of remaining an individual in the face of group-orientedRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess2327 Words   |  10 Pagesat the last round the bearded lips of God, to attempt to impose, I say, laws and conditions appropriate to a mechanical creation, against this I raise my sword-pen,† Anthony Burgess in his novel ‘A Clockwork Orange’ , which happens to be a scathing critique of totalitarian government, through the character of F. Alexander. Burgess is attempting to criticize the type of governments that try to limit the freedom of an individual through science and technology. To be more specific, the use of ‘LudovicoRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess2443 Words   |  10 PagesIn A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess, Alex, the protagonist is a fifteen-year-old boy who commits ultra-violent acts out of pure pleasure. The allegory present throughout the novel shows that Alex is ruthless and does not feel pain when experiencing the deaths of others. Throughout the journey of a small portion of Alex’s life, vivid representations of settings are used to portray the dark deeds done by Alex and his friends. Burgess also uses distinct dialect to individualize Alex and his friendsRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess2415 Words   |  10 PagesA Clockwork Orange, by Anthony Burgess, a s tory of a young troublemaker who rebels in every way possible against his society’s norms. The main character, Alex progresses throughout the story learning how his actions affect his future. Along the way Alex conforms, or at least pretends to, whenever necessary to survive or to get his way. However, during his incarceration, he underwent a procedure that altered his ability to rebel. This made Alex realize there are other was to adapt and overcome besidesRead MoreEssay on Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange1497 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange Choice and free will are necessary to maintain humanity, both individually and communally; without them, man is no longer human but a â€Å"clockwork orange†, a mechanical toy, as demonstrated in Anthony Burgess’ novel, â€Å"A Clockwork Orange†. The choice between good and evil is a decision every man must make throughout his life in order to guide his actions and control his future. Forcing someone to be good is not as important as the act of someone choosing to beRead MoreA Clockwork Orange By Anthony Burgess1410 Words   |  6 Pages Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange has long been regarded as one of the most difficult books to read, both due to its heavy use of made-up slang, and the overtly violent nature of the main character, Alex. When Stanley Kubrick’s version was produced in 1971, the movie earned an R or NC-17 rating, due to the sheer amount of violence. The subject matter of the movie was violence at it’s very nature. However, upon closer examination, there are many references to religion, Christianity in particularRead MoreAnalysis Of Anthony Burgess s A Clockwork Orange819 Words   |  4 Pageshumans from machines. Anthony Burgess, author of A Clockwork Orange, believes this trait is a person’s freedom to make conscious decisions. By taking away a person’s ability to choose between doing the right thing or the wrong thing, you also take away what makes them human. A Clockwork Orange creates a world documenting the decay of a person’s will to live and the lo ss of their humanity when their freedom of choice is taken away. Alex, the protagonist of A Clockwork Orange, is a textbook example

Abortions The Choice is the Woman’s Free Essays

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics of this era. What is abortion? Abortion is defined as the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus resulting or causing the death of the fetus or embryo. The people who believe abortion is wrong and should not be allowed are called Pro-Life activist. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortions: The Choice is the Woman’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those who believe abortion is the woman’s choice because it’s her body are called Pro-Choice activist. Pro-life activists debate that all life at conception is precious and deserves a chance at life. They also believe that God not the mother chooses its time of life and death. Pro-choice followers often argue in favor of science and the United States Constitutional Ninth Amendment, which holds freedom of choice sacred (American Civil Liberties, 1997). They believe the first patient is the mother, and she is the one who allows the pregnancy to happen or not. The fact of the matter is if abortion is chosen to be banned people will find a way to have one done. To save this from happening abortion should be kept legal because its the woman’s right, pregnancies due to rape are not usually wanted, and if health related problems arise and the pregnancy can not continue. Women have fought very long and hard to have their rights. On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court decided in its landmark decision of the Roe vs. Wade case to make abortion a legal action for all women (American Civil Liberties Union, 1997). Henry Wade was a district attorney from Dallas whom the Roe case was against (Lowenstein, 1996). When abortions were not legal the number of women who wanted or needed and abortions did not decrease. Before legalizing abortion thousands of women died or suffered serious medical illnesses after trying to do their own abortions, or going to non trained physicians who performed cheap abortions in unsanitary conditions (Abortion Law Homepage, 1996). A woman’s has a choice to say whether or not the fetus at hand is wanted. Though is not believed that abortion should be used as a form of birth control. Pro-Life activist believe that the unborn baby living between the 18th and 25th day after conception, this is when the heart starts. They believe the fetus has more rights than the woman because it can not speak for itself. This is often argued because Pro-Choice activist believe the baby is not considered a baby until it reaches the viability stage, which is 24 weeks. Pro-Life activists almost always call women who have abortions are murderers. Pro-Life activists, also call abortion clinics a butcher shop where babies are murdered. This is not true; they provide a place for a woman to have a safe choice. To say that a woman is not allowed to make a choice about her body defeating the purpose of her fight for her right. The AIG reported that there are about 90,000 rape cases reported yearly. Among those rape victims about five percent of them become pregnant, and from that 50% of them get abortions (Johnson, 2006). Why should rape victims be forced to keep a child resulting from rape? This is a question that some Pro-Life activists’ struggles with. A woman that has been raped should be able to have an abortion because keeping the child, would cause the mother the hate the child when the mother had a though about the rapist (Steinmetz, 1998). The child would constantly remind the mother of the pain she went through on that day. Although some Pro-Life activists believe that the woman should give the baby up for adoption if there is rape involved. Adoption is not acceptable because the woman would have to give birth to a child and then give it to a complete stranger. Most women are not able physically and mentally to give a baby up. The mother would have to pray constantly about the baby being placed in the best environment. The child will then have to be tossed from place to place in search for a family that wants them. Putting a baby up for an adoption is not always seen as the answer. Legal abortions not only protect a woman’s life but it also protects their health. There are thousands of women with kidney disease, heart disease, severe hypertension, sickle cell anemia, and severe diabetes, and other illnesses that can be life threatening, the availability of legal abortions has helped lessen serious medical problems that could have came from having a baby (Steinmetz, 1998). There have been several cases that a woman has chosen whether she dies or the baby dies. This is also another case that Pro-Life activist struggle with. They believe that if it God’s will for the unborn child, the mother, or both to die it will be done. Pro-Choice believes that God has blessed people with free will. To decide if a fetus is a human or a clump of cells is the choice of each individual walking throughout this land. Abortion remains a controversial topic among pro-life and pro-choice activists. As long as unwanted pregnancies continue to occur, abortions, more than likely, will also continue. In the end, however, it is the mother who has to live with the decision made. There is no way to say who is right and who is wrong. Abortion should be viewed as an anguished decision in which human beings struggle to do the best they can in trying circumstances. How to cite Abortions: The Choice is the Woman’s, Essay examples

I Remember Essay Example For Students

I Remember Essay I Remember .. I remember the kid next door with whom I grew up, a short andstocky lad named Donald Meaux. Did I say stocky? A modern day Pillsbury DoughBoy with high top sneakers and knee high-socks is a more accurate description. He has been my next door neighbor for more than eighteen years. We met as mostchildren do through the friendship of our parents. Our fathers shared cold beersin the evening, while our mothers gossiped in the kitchen over tea. Their twodiapered infants played in the playpen together day in and day out. In thisfriendship, which was similar to that of a married couple, Donald and I had ourups and our downs; yet for ten years, we spent day after day together. We oftenfought, and then we made up once the ice cream man came around the corner in hismagical truck. But, like most good things, the friendship wore away with time. Iremember Donald as a spoiled, aggravating four year old. Neither of these arecharacteristics that anyone looks for in a lifelong friendship. Yet,characteristics like these are not very important to a child of four. At fouryears old, people hardly ever make logical decisions. After all, Donald and Idid share a bowl of dog food for dessert every now and then. For the first fewyears, our friendship was flawless. We spent day after day together. On theweekends, we took turns sleeping at each others houses. I used to lovesleeping at Dons house, because we were allowed to stay up later there thanat my house. Another thing I loved about their house was the coveted midnightsnack, which consisted of either chocolate milk or Fruity Pebbles. We keptourselves awake until midnight, ate our snack, and then went to sleep. Weremained good, close friends for years. As time went on, Don and I startedhaving problems as friends, which was quite understandable since we spent everyday together. Needless to say, we got on each others nerves. He was obnoxiousand aggravating. I was ornery and a mommas boy. I remember how he lovedNintendo. He used to play for hours on end, and he was good. One day he wasplaying Super Mario 3, and he was about to defeat the game. Just as he waswinning, I turned off the television and blinded his view. When Don turned thetelevision back on, it was too late; he had lost. He was furious with me andliterally attacked me like a wild predator. He scratched, clawed, and bit me,while I punched and kicked him for at least thirty seconds. Then we got tiredand fell down. After that, we just started laughing and that was it. The fightwas over. This kind of friendship is one that people do not expect to end. Asanyone can guess, time took its toll on our friendship. The friendshipdeteriorated during our first year in high school. There was not anythingcomplicated about it; it just happened. He kept his old friends, and I made newones. I played sports and he did not . I went out on the weekends and he stayedhome. As the years passed, we found ourselves even farther apart. We even foundourselves avoiding each other at school to bypass an awkward situation, and Istopped going over to his house after school. We lived less than fifty yardsaway, but for years it felt as though it were miles. Over the eighteen yearsthat I have known Donald, I have learned a lot. I have learned that people canand will change. I have also learned that bad things get worse if you let themlinger, like old meat left out on the counter to spoil. Finally, I have learnedthat there is a bright side to everything, even this. About two weeks ago,Donald came home from Baton Rouge and stopped by my house. .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .postImageUrl , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:visited , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:active { border:0!important; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:active , .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f432c2b7cc6cef977acb6ffa11800ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Becoming a Member of the National Honor Society Essay We ended up talkingfor hours about old times and school. We spoke for the first time in over threeyears and had what was probably the most interesting conversation the two of ushave ever had. Is this not ironic? For years we lived so close physically, yetso far apart socially. We lived next door to each other, but could not stop byeach others house just to talk. Only when one of us moved far away to collegedid we find it in ourselves to once again visit with each other.