Development Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Improvement Communication - Essay Example (Santos, 2005) Presently, Philippine majority rule government is sheltered monitored by the country’s laws and different establishments which guarantee that the opportunity and freedom of Filipinos will be very much ensured. One of such foundations that serve to secure majority rule government in the Philippines is the Philippine media. Broad communications in the Philippines assumes serves a few jobs. All of such jobs are planned for guaranteeing the continuation of an equitable society in the nation. The estimation of media in the Philippines is critical. The country’s history fills in as a demonstration of the significant job of media in the nation explicitly in the way it maintains majority rule government in the Philippines. This paper expects to examine the job of Philippine media in the country’s vote based society. In particular, this paper expects to decide the ways by which media secures the rights and freedoms of the Filipino individuals. Additionally, this paper will think back because of media in the manner by which Philippine majority rules system and government has developed especially over the most recent 30 years. Advancement correspondence speculations will be used for the investigation. Such hypotheses will be enhanced by different distributed writing that tackle the topic. Finally, this paper will endeavor to examine the job of Philippine media in the annihilation of defilement that has since quite a while ago blocked the country’s vote based lifestyle. The job that media plays in Asian nations isn't as important when contrasted with Western nations. (Laird, 1999, p. 63) Moreover, media in Asia is more directed than media in European and American nations. This is because of the way that vote based system isn't as common and wide spread in Asia all things considered in different landmasses. In any case, globalization has gradually added to the advancement of media in Asia. In today’s time and age, Asian media has taken up an increasingly significant job. Western idea has gradually been coordinated in Asian

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia 1. Nation profile: Indonesia is situated in the southeast piece of Asia. Indonesia extends 5120 km along the equator and has 13000 islands among Australia and Asia. Because of this there has been an impact on the social, social, monetary and political existence of the nation. Indonesias complete region is 80% ocean mass. Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua and Sulawesi are the five a biggest island of which java is the most populated island, an all out populace of 125 million (CIA 2010). Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Indonesia has a tropical atmosphere which comprises of two seasons summer from May to September and the stormy season from October to April. Indonesia encounters downpour during both the seasons. The fourth most populated nation on the planets is Indonesia with a populace of 242.96 million (CIA 2010). Indonesia is the biggest Muslim nation. It is an ethnically different nation with in excess of 300 dialects. http://mapoftheunitedstates.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/indonesia_.jpg Figure 1: Indonesia Map Sources: CIA Website 2010 2. Political framework and Legal frameworks: Indonesia today is Southeast Asias most lively vote based system. The Indonesians appreciate a degree of political opportunity. The present improved political framework currently energizes opportunity and uniformity for the individuals of Indonesia. Figure 2: Political arrangement of Indonesia Source: Indonesia 2009: An official handbook The three key parts of the Indonesian government are The official branch The administrative branch The legal branch 2.1 Executive branch: The president is the leader of the state and government, thus is on the official branch. Under him is the VP, bureau clergymen and furthermore non-departmental organizations. He is additionally the president of the military. The primary job of the president is to administer his country, make arrangements and look in to the outside issues. The president has the ability to allot and dismiss the bureau pastors. One of the fundamental jobs of the president is to allocate the adjudicator for the Supreme Court. 2.2 Legislature branch: This branch comprise a delegate body which is the people groups consultative gathering or (MPR). The MPR has the option to scrutinize the trustworthiness of the president. The MPR has two lower chambers i.e the Peoples Representative Council or the (DPR) and the Regional Representatives Council or (DPD). 2.3 Judicial branch: The Indonesian legal framework has three principle courts for example the high court, Supreme Court and the region courts. The Supreme Court is the most significant level. These courts reserve the options to practice both common and criminal cases. Indonesia has various courts for various issues, strict courts, military courts and managerial courts. Right off the bat all the common questions are taken care of in a state court and afterward sent to the high court. A business court exists to deal with chapter 11 and business matters. The three parts of the legitimate framework in Indonesia are The legal officials Backers Legitimate experts. A legal official is named by the Department of Justice Human Rights who is prepared lawfully to notarise deeds. A legal official plans and executes the conventional deed called the notarised deed, it is otherwise called the bona fide deed. The authoritative reports require notarised deeds. The job of the public accountant is to ensure that the gatherings have significant measure of evidence for their deeds and the deed is executed appropriately. The public accountant ought to be available when a gathering intends to begin an organization. A public accountant is delegated by the legislature and his obligation does exclude offering legitimate guidance. These gatherings need to get legitimate exhortation before they meet the legal official. The fundamental obligations of the legal official are to plan and confirm the records. The gatherings are allowed to pick any legal official they need. Backers are legal advisors who practice secretly and have formal legitimate preparing. The primary obligation of the promoters is to concentrate on case however they can likewise give general lawful counsel. For guidance on outside exchange experienced legal advisors are needed.Hiring a decent and trust commendable legal counselor is basic for working together in Indonesia. A portion of the significant laws applicable for organizations in Indonesia are given beneath: The Law on Investment The Labor Law The bill on Mineral and Coal Mining The Oil and Gas law The Shipping Law Law on Disputes and Conflict goals Corporate Law Land rights Scarcely any tips for the remote speculators There ought not be any limitations on the sort of business the organization is intending to begin. A decent legal official is an absolute necessity to set up a business. The representatives who have a significant position ought to be paid well. Construct great relations with the organization and the general public. 3. Financial framework Under the authority of Suharto who was the leader of Indonesia for more than three decades the economy had seen two significant monetary emergencies. This was during 1997-98 and 2008. Indonesian economy is straightforwardly reliant on three fundamental divisions, Agribusiness Assembling Administration. These emergencies were immediate consequence of degenerate government officials, catastrophic events, aggravations in the general public and fear mongering. The outcome was that the economy endured which thusly caused in drop of business openings and loss of labor that moved looking for work. The chart shows the dispersion of workforce among the three key financial divisions. Indonesias Employment Figure 3: Indonesian Employment Source: Economy Watch The three primary parts that establish the Indonesian Economy are: Essential Sector: Agribusiness by a long shot is the biggest work segment. A portion of the basic produce is rice, pork, espresso, tea, cocoa, flavors, elastic, eggs, copra, palm oil and peanuts. Indonesia stands fourth in world market for the creation of espresso and rice. Optional Sector: About 27.9% of Indonesians GDP originates from the assembling division (EIU 2010). Tertiary Sector: Administration part has for long has been the mainstay of Indonesian economy contributing about 38.5% towards the countrys GDP. Worldwide money related emergencies hindered the IT area. Notwithstanding, it has been predicated to contribute up to 15% towards the compound yearly development rate (CAGR) during the time of 2010-2014 (EIU 2010) . Friendliness industry has shockingly begun contributing towards Indonesian economy. The travel industry prospered with no significant effect because of the worldwide downturn. 4. Economy: Indonesia has the biggest economy in Southeast Asia. It is a market based economy with a noteworthy inclusion of the state. There are countless state claimed undertakings (SOEs). Indonesia is considered as a developing economy. Toward the finish of 2009 the GDP was $540.3 billion and the per capita GDP was $2717. The GDP development in 2010 arrived at 5.9% and to additionally quickens to a normal of 6.2 % a year in 2011-2014. As far as GDP mechanical area is the biggest (46.9%), trailed by administrations (37.2%) and farming (15.9%)â [i]â . Indonesia is a significant exporter of oil (US Department of State 2010) Indonesia is advertise pioneers in the creation of palm oil and one of the primary makers of elastic, coal, melted flammable gas and cocoa. A portion of the prime businesses are mining, oil and petroleum gas, concrete, materials and substance manures. There is a decrease in the destitution of the populace. Indonesian economy has been improving after some major monetary emergency before, consequently contributing on Indonesian Economy would be related with generally safe. Development in GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Development (%) 2007 2008 2009 Horticulture 3,5 4,8 4,13 Mining and Quarrying 2 0,5 4,37 Assembling 4,7 3,7 2,11 Power, Gas and Water Supply 10,3 10,9 13,78 Development 8,6 7,3 7,05 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 8,4 7,2 1,14 Transportation and Communications 14 16,7 15,53 Fund, Rental and Business Service 8 8,2 5,05 Administrations 6,6 6,4 6,40 Gross domestic product 6,3 6,1 4,55 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 Dissemination of GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Dissemination of GDP (%) 2007 2008 2009â [ii]â Horticulture 13,8 13,7 15,3 Mining and Quarrying 8,7 8,3 10,5 Assembling 27,4 26,8 26,4 Power, Gas and Water Supply 0,7 0,7 0,8 Development 6,2 6,3 1,0 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 17,3 17,4 13,4 Transportation and Communications 7,3 8 6,2 Fund, Rental and Business Service 9,4 9,5 7,2 Administrations 9,3 9,3 5,6 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 4.1 Inflation Rate: As indicated by the monetary report in April 2011 Indonesian expansion rate remained at 6.16 %. During the period between 1997 to 2010, Indonesian expansion rate found the middle value of among 13.26% and arriving at its unsurpassed high of 82.4% in the second from last quarter of 1998 and arrived at an untouched low record of - 1.17 % in first quarter of 2000. 4.2 Social Economy: The number of inhabitants in Indonesia remained at 232.4 million during 2010. It has a solid level of populace who are youthful. The middle age is 27.2 years and the populace development is 1.175%. Taking a gander at the age structure, 28.4% of the populace is between 0-14 years, 67.5% are between 16-67 and 5.8% more than 65 years. Future is 70.46 years. As of February 2011, work power was 116.5 million. While separating the work power by part, one finds that agribusiness utilizes the vast majority (42.1%), firmly followed by the administrations division (39.3%). 18.6% are utilized in the modern division. The table shows the conveyance of the work among the significant businesses. Industry # of workers % Agribusiness, Livestock, Forestry, Fishery 42,689,635 41.83 Mining and Quarrying 1,062,309 1.04 Assembling 12,440,141 12.19 Power, Gas, Water 207,909 0.20 Development 4,733,679 4.64 Exchange, Hotels, Restaurants 20,684,041 20.27 Transportation, Storage, Communication 6,013,947 5.89 Money, Real home and Business administrations 1,440,042 1.41 Network, Social and Personal assistance

STAR Interviewing Response Technique for Success in Behavioral Job Interviews

STAR Interviewing Response Technique for Success in Behavioral Job Interviews Behavioral questions are one of the most common types of interview questions you’ll encounter. No matter what the industry is, you’re bound to have a few of those thrown at you when you enter a job interview.So, how do you handle them and what are they really about? In this guide, you’ll encounter a strategy that’s the most effective in terms of answering a behavioral question: the STAR technique.We’ll go over:What STAR stands for?What are behavioral questions?How can STAR help with behavioral questions?What are the steps to crafting a STAR response to a behavioral question?Finally, we’ll look at a few examples to help you get started.SITUATION, TASK, ACTION, RESULTLet’s start by examining the STAR concept. It consists of four different elements, each of which can be considered a single step in your answer. It gives structure to your answer and helps you move from one important element to another, providing a thorough answer to the question at hand.The four elements of the STAR concept are:SITUATIONThe first component examines the context of your answer. You answer the question of “What were the circumstances of the thing?” and lay the foundation for the answer. You use this component as the basis, explaining in detail what kind of situation you’re about to describe.TASKYour second component in the STAR technique involves the responsibility you had in that environment. You try answering the question “What was the thing you had to do?” and outline the desired outcome. The component is not looking at what you did but rather what was expected in this situation.ACTIONYou then move on to describe the things you did to start solving the situation. You answer the question “What were the steps you took?” by showing in detail what your actions were in order to solve the task ahead of you. The component is focused on your specific actions and reasoning for those actions â€" it’s about the actual things that happened and not what should have happened.RESULTFinally, the last component of the STAR technique is the outcome aspect of it all. You seek to explain an answer to the question “What happened as a result of your actions?” and what your accomplishment or lessons learned were. The focus is on the details of the outcome and an understanding of how your actions in the previous component led to this specific outcome.By following these four components, you create a coherent, concise and detailed answer for any behavioral question you may face.THE COMMON BEHAVIOURAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONSWhen you have a group of people working towards a common mission, such as in the workplace, the employers want to know how employees will react to different circumstances. Being a good employee is not just about being able to technically perform in the role (i.e. to have the right skills) but to also be able to handle the situations that arise with the role (i.e. to have the right characteristics).Here’s a list of some of the most comm on behavioral questions:Talk about a time when you had to work closely with someone whose personality was very different from yours.Tell me about a situation you wish you’d handled differently with a colleague?Give me an example of a time when you did not meet a client’s expectation. What happened and how did you attempt to rectify the situation?How do you prioritise?Tell me about a time you’ve been under a lot of pressure. What happened and how did you handle the situation?Tell me about a time when you failed/succeeded? How did you deal with the situation?Tell me about a time when you set a goal for yourself? What was is and how did you make sure to achieve it?How do you handle managing responsibilities?Give me an example of a time you’ve persuaded someone.Tell me about a time when you were faced with a conflict. What did you do?How do you motivate yourself?What is your biggest achievement?Behavioral questions are asked to reveal three core things:How you handle specific si tuationsHow you thinkHow you compare with the other candidatesThis allows the interviewer to understand more about you as a candidate. Behavioral questions move deeper into the personality and talent you’d bring to the workplace and beyond just your technical ability to perform in the role.When you’re asked behavioral questions, the interviewer is essentially trying to find out three things about your behavior.First, they want to know how you’ve behaved in previous real-world situations. This is important because behavioral questions are not about imaginary situations â€" the interviewer is not looking to know how you would behave in a certain situation but how you have behaved.For example, a common behavioral question is to ask:Tell me about a mistake that you’ve made. How did you handle it?They don’t ask:What would you do if you ever made a mistake?The second point to remember is that the questions are looking to understand the value you’ve added to this actual situati on. The interviewer wants to know what you did and how your direct actions influenced the outcome. It’s not about what the organization did, the team did or anyone else present did â€" your actions and behaviors are what matter here.For instance, another common behavioral question is to ask:Give me an example of a difficult problem you’ve solved. How did you do it?Again, they are asking about your actions and the behaviors and actions you took to overcome the situation.Finally, the third point the interviewer is focusing on is how you define and analyze different workplace situations. This allows them to compare you to other candidates and to analyze your fit to the work environment. What this essentially means is to check how you define things like ‘failure’, ‘mistake’, and ‘success’.For example, when the interviewer asks a common behavioral question like:Can you tell me about a challenging situation you overcame at work?They aren’t just looking for you to talk ab out the actual steps and actions you took. The interviewer is also interested in seeing what kind of situation you define to be a challenge.Different people can consider very different workplace scenarios as ‘challenge’. For example, someone might talk about how the fax machine broke down while others might go on about the time a big client refused to pay.The point is not that there is necessarily a right or wrong way to define things. But it’s more about understanding your fit for the ‘pressure’ the work environment would provide.Overall, there isn’t really a right or a wrong answer to behavioral questions. Since the answer also has to be about an actual behavior you’ve shown and deal with a real-life situation, you can’t really ever find example answers that you can use.However, what you can do is use strategies that help to answer the question in the most effective way and this is why the STAR method is such a powerful thing.HOW CAN THE STAR TECHNIQUE HELP?There i s a concept and saying in psychology that says, “the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior”. This idea is behind behavioral questions and the reason STAR works so well in answering those questions.STAR looks at what you’ve done in the past in specific situations and therefore, gives the employer a window into your possible future actions. The employer can consider these together with your skills and make a balanced judgment on how well you’d be able to perform in that role.If you remember from the previous section, the interviewer is looking for three core things:How you have behaved in an actual situationHow you’ve added value to solving or dealing with that situationHow you define different common workplace situationsNow, with the STAR method, you are answering those points directly.Remember that STAR will make you:Define the SITUATION by giving the interviewer context for when you engaged in a specific behavior they are asking about. Here you are showing th e interviewer how you define the specific workplace situations they are asking about. For example, if they ask, “Tell me about a challenge you’ve overcome?” then you will not only outline the real-life situation you dealt with, but you will also show the way you define something as ‘a challenge’.Then you move on to talk about the TASK. These are the responsibilities you had in that situation. You show what your role and value was from the onset â€" you not only show what was expected of you but also discuss what you thought were expected of you. Again, you dig deeper into how you define these situations and you show how you understand your role in them.You will next highlight the ACTION. This is to show your behavior deeper and to talk about the steps you took in that specific situation to overcome it or to solve it. This needs to be detailed and concise, showing the interviewer exactly how you behaved and acted in the situation. You want to highlight each action you took and explain the reasoning behind it. Again, this is to help the interviewer to see how your past behavior would manifest in the future, in this particular position.Now, the final part is to mention the RESULTS. These are the outcomes that took place due to your behavior and actions. You show the interviewer the value you brought in reality and what the tangible results of your actions were. In addition, you want to show your understanding of what lead to those results and your ability to learn from the situation. You need to highlight your understanding of what actions lead to what outcomes and how these can help in any specific work situation.See how powerful the STAR method is? You just used it to answer all the things the interviewer wants to see when they ask behavioral questions. You show then in action how you’ve been and acted in the past to help them analyze your ability to perform in the specific role in the future.You make it easier for them to compare you with others †" they get real examples of behavior that help them evaluate the skills and the fit.3 STEPS TO PREPARE FOR BEHAVIORAL QUESTIONS WITH STARSo, how can you start using STAR to your advantage? You now have a great grasp of:The concept of STARThe reasons behavioral questions are askedThe concrete ways STAR helps to answer those questionsNow it’s time to start practicing your answers. Preparing and thinking about what answers would be good will help you nail the interview â€" you’ll have the confidence to talk about your skills and more importantly, you know just the kind of skills you need to be talking about.As we’ll discuss soon, the behavioral questions the interviewer ask will always be linked with the specifics of the role and the company. The interviewer knows the kind of skills they want the candidate to have, the challenges they’ll be faced with and so on.Now it’s the candidate’s job to show that they do have those skills, they do know how to overcome those specific c hallenges and so on.So, how do you go about ensuring your behavioral question follows the STAR strategy and highlights the right qualifications and skills for the job?Here are three simple steps to take to prepare for behavioral questions with STAR.1. Make a list of your skills and your experiencesYou should start by creating a list of your skills and experiences. These should be essential for performing well and succeeding in the role you are applying for.What this means is not just listing skills and qualifications you have â€" as you will have many of them! The point is to focus on those core skills that you need in this particular role.In order to figure out what those are, you need to look at the job listing. You should read it, underlining any skill and experience the employer mentions. Then write them down in the below chart:THE SKILLS THE EMPLOYER IS LOOKING FOR:You can list as many and as few as needed. The key is to find those core skills and characteristics that would hel p you in the role and the specific work environment.You can then move on to focusing on the skills you have. The dream is to be able to manifest those exact skills. So you could simply underline the ones you know you have in green.But consider also other skills you have that the employer hasn’t mentioned but which you know would help. These could be closely related to the skills the employer mentions and transferable skills you have.MY BEST SKILLS TO HELP PERFORM AND TO SUCCEED IN THIS ROLE:2. Pick an example of a time you showcased that skill or experienceNow, you have the skills listed. You know what the employer is looking for and the skills your answers should highlight. It is time to show those skills in action.The next step is about matching each of those skills with a real-life example. You want to find the SITUATION in STAR. You want to pick something you’ve done, dealt with, accomplished and so on â€" to give the context to your skill and characteristics.At this point, you don’t have to consider STAR just yet. You simply want to have a rough idea of an example that highlights a skill. Indeed, it’s a good idea to have two examples for a single skill to ensure you can showcase single skill in different ways â€" depending on the question, you can pick the more suited answer then.Of course, it will be even better if you can find an example of a situation that’s similar to something you might deal with in your new role. For example, if the job involves a lot of customer service, then try to come up with examples that highlight your skills and experience of actual customer service situations.So use the below chart to list the skills and characteristics you have and then match them with suitable real-life examples.THE SKILLSTHE EXAMPLE3. Write down the STAR functionsFinally, it’s time to bring out the STAR template and go through each of your examples, giving them the STAR treatment. What you can do is use the below template, filling in the impor tant points as you go along.SKILL AND EXAMPLE SITUATION:SITUATIONWho? What? Where? When? How?TASKWhat were the deadlines? What were the costs? What did it involve? What was required?ACTIONWhat did you do? What steps did you take? How did you take them?RESULTWhat happened? Why did it happen?You can use the questions as guidance when writing your answer.At this point, you can write is as close to an oral answer you might give. You can even sample some of the most common behavioral questions with your answers. The key is to learn to highlight your skill, use real examples as your answers, and master the STAR strategy.Of course, you don’t want to learn the answers by heart and simply read them off like a script when at the interview. However, it still helps to practice the strategy and to think about the examples beforehand â€" it helps you give a good answer confidently.A FEW EXAMPLE BEHAVIOR JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND STAR RESPONSESTo bring it all home, it’s a good idea to examin e a few examples. Here are three core behavioral questions that are almost unanimously asked in job interviews. Below you can also find an example answer to the question, highlighting the STAR strategy.The Question: Tell me about a time when you showed leadership. What did you do?The STAR answer:In my previous job, we had multiple requests for customer follow-ups after we held a conference (SITUATION). Due to one of our team members being sick, we started having a large backlog and customers complained that we’re taking too long to get back to them (TASK). I realized some of the customers had said they’d be OK if we follow-up on the weekends, so I asked one of the team members to contact the list first and to setup interviews for weekend, if possible. I then worked on the weekend to clear the backlog (ACTION). We ended up clearing the list and acquired 8 new customers, with $100,000 in new sales (RESULT).The Question: Have you ever made a mistake? How did you handle it?The STAR answer:Once I misquoted a fee for the club I was working in which resulted in the customer paying the wrong fee (SITUATION). I realized my mistake and wanted to rectify the situation (TASK). I told the manager and they appreciated my honesty. We talked that we should waive the fee for the first three months for the new member and give him the option to cancel. I then contacted the person and went over the situation with them (ACTION). The person accepted my apology and decided to still stay with the club. I felt bad about the mistake but my manager’s calm and understanding approach helped me deal with the situation and I learnt to double check the things I now do (RESULT).The Question: Give an example of a goal you’ve reached and how you achieved it.The STAR answer:When I first started working at ZYX, I wanted to make the most sales of the month, which was a light-hearted competition our management had set (SITUATION). It wasn’t an official objective, but I felt like it would challenge me to quickly learn the ropes and perform well at my job (TASK). I focused on customer service and communication, as I felt it gave me the best chance of boosting sales. I talked with customers, better realizing their pain points and therefore, finding ways we could help them (ACTION). I ended up winning the competition within six months of starting â€" the fastest anyone had done it. I beat the next person by $100,000 and I felt proud of my achievement. Not just with beating the competition but also about taking the time to better serve the customers (RESULT).WITH STAR YOU CAN BE THE STAR OF THE JOB INTERVIEWBehavioral questions are an essential part of the job interview. They are used to look at you more closely and to analyze your fit in the organization â€" they show the interview who you are and what you’ve done in order to make certain predictions about your performance in the role.And when it comes to answering these essential questions, the STAR method is one of the best to use. It highlights just the right elements of your past performance and gives your answers the right kind of structure and level of detail.So, go over the tips and strategies in this guide and nail your next job interview!

Early Childhood Education Essay - 1573 Words

The education of the young mind is an important step in preparing the child for future learning experiences. The evolution of early childhood education has changed how adults and parents view the importance of offering stimulating and exciting opportunities to the very young. Early childhood Education offers the young child learning experiences that benefit them throughout their educational career. They soon embark on a whole new world of learning. These children are not only experiencing standard brain growth, but verbal and physical skills as well. Early childhood education teachers use a variation of techniques for instructing. They use lesson plans, worksheets, and even teacher resources for these young minds. The idea of early†¦show more content†¦The success of the Montessori method depends on how the environment us set up, it is essential that it is prepared and simplified for the students’ understanding. Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. These such theories center on many different aspects of development, including social, emotional and cognitive growth. (Cherry, Kendra-website) Jean Piaget s theory defines the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development embraces changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. During this stage, young children s play becomes progressively imaginary and filled with fantasies. As children develop cognitively, their play will move from simple make-believe to plots involving more characters and scenarios, games with sophisticated rules, etc. (Early Childhood Development-website). According to Piaget, playing isn t just fun; it is an important part of brain development (Early Childhood Development-website). 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Define and contrast the three ethical perspectives. How do...

Deena Matthews Final Paper Outline Review the Final Paper instructions in Week Five of the online course or in the â€Å"Components of Course Evaluation† section of this guide. Then, visit the Ashford Writing Center, within the Learning Resources tab on the left navigation toolbar, and review the Outline Form page. Format your outline for the Final Paper according to the Outline Form page. The outline must contain: Introduction with thesis statement At least five body paragraphs Conclusion Reference page containing at least three academic resources, two of which are found in the Ashford Online Library Introduction- Thesis Statement I want to provide strategies for resolving or managing interpersonal conflict within a†¦show more content†¦We dont actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain ways, and no two people use the same word exactly alike. 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Imaging In Diagnosis Pancreatic Cancer Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease and its patterned advance, Drake et Al ( 2005 ) suggest pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases are aggressive and occur most frequently in the caput, cervix and uncinate procedure of the pancreas. Malignant tumor of the pancreas affect more work forces than adult females and are associated with intoxicant maltreatment, diabetes, familial pancreatitis and smoke. Neoptolemos ( 2009 ) goes onto explain that age is an overpowering factor sing pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease which accounts for approximately 5 % of all malignant neoplastic disease instances. We will write a custom essay sample on Imaging In Diagnosis Pancreatic Cancer Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harmonizing to Hanno et Al ( 2008 ) pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is thought to impact 10 people in 100,000 every twelvemonth. Marieb and Hohhn ( 2010 ) suggest that malignant neoplastic disease of the pancreas is serious as it seldom causes symptoms until it is really advanced and hence is difficult to observe and handle. As pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is frequently advanced by the clip it is diagnosed, often metastases are present. Due to this the forecast of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease is frequently really hapless and is associated with a high mortality rate ( Jackson A ; Thomas, 2005 ) . Imaging Pancreatic Cancer Johnson ( 2005 ) suggests that one time a patient has presented with a suspected pancreatic carcinoma, they should instantly have an Ultrasound Scan ( US ) of the liver, bile canal and pancreas. Harmonizing to Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) ultrasound scans use high-frequency sound moving ridges, that when returned from variety meats create a signal. After transporting out an ultrasound scan, if the findings suggest a malignance may be present farther imagination would be recommended. A Assortment of surveies are available, including: Endoscopic Ultrasound ( EUS ) Computed Tomography ( CT ) Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) Endoscopic Ultrasound ( EUS ) Europiums can be used in the diagnosing, presenting and resectability of pancreatic carcinomas ( DeWitt et al, 2004 ) . EUS is considered to hold a higher sensitiveness when observing tumors located in the caput of the pancreas compared to observing tumors located in the organic structure or tail of the pancreas ( Shami A ; Kaheleh, 2010 ) . Legmann et Al ( 1998 ) suggest that EUS has high sensitiveness when observing little pancreatic tumors. Many writers support this and DeWitt et Al ( 2004 ) travel on to explicate that EUS is superior to other modes as it can pick up tumors even smaller than 25mm. By observing little tumors early on, EUS can find whether farther trials are needed and hence set uping the patient ‘s direction. EUS contributes to the direction of the patient by assisting to be after and steer drainage processs ( Dietrich, 2006 ) . EUS is considered to hold a high sensitiveness when turn uping lymph node metastasis and vascular infiltration ( Shami A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . Each relevant construction that can be affected by pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease can be assessed utilizing EUS. Gress and Savides ( 2009 ) further explain that EUS can be used to separate the relationship between the mass and next vascular constructions to measure the resectability. Harmonizing to Faigel et Al ( 1997 ) EUS guided all right needle aspiration is used for both local theatrical production and accurate tissue diagnosing in one process. Williams et Al ( 1998 ) support this and explicate that the process is a superior mode for the sensing of metastases and provides an accurate diagnosing of pancreatic malignances. An ultrasound transducer is attached to the caput of an endoscope and passed through the patient ‘s oral cavity to obtain images of the internal variety meats. EUS provides the chance to look at the GI wall beds and the surrounding variety meats ( Shami A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . Rosch et Al ( 1991 ) explain that because of the close propinquity of the transducer to the internal organ of involvement, accurate and elaborate images are produced. Harmonizing to Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases often appear hypoechoic and arise from the bright, hyperechoic parenchyma of the pancreas. The lodgers of a malignance are frequently irregular ; nevertheless, there is normally a differentiation between a normal and malignant pancreas ( Figure 1.0 A ; 1.1 ) . Despite showing a malignance, Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) further explains that its visual aspect can on occasion mime an inflammatory procedure of the pancreas. Figure 1.0 Figure 1.1 Figure 1.0 EUS showing a mass in the organic structure of the pancreas with engagement of the superior mesenteric vena. ( Taken from: Kwon A ; Scheiman, 2006 ) . Figure 1.1. EUS showing a mass of the caput of the pancreas blockading the common gall canal. ( Taken from: Erickson, 2010 ) . Guidelines mentioning to pancreatic lesions issued in 2005 suggest that any lesion found in the pancreas, irrespective of its size requires further diagnostic rating. The guidelines go on to state that EUS findings entirely are non sufficient when naming lesions within the pancreas as it is unable to find whether they are malignant ( Barclay, 2005 ) . Guidelines set out by the British Medical Ultrasound Society ( 2009 ) say that Ultrasound equipment sound should merely by used by people who are to the full trained and have an apprehension of the thermal and mechanical bio-effects of ultrasound. Prior to EUS scrutinies, patients will be required to be nil by oral cavity for 6 hours. Patients will be given instructions sing the process and asked relevant inquiries associating to their wellness and allergic reactions. EUS processs are carried out under witting sedation, a cannula will be inserted into the patient ‘s arm so this and any other medicine can be inserted intravenously ( Soper et Al, 2008 ) . During the process, patients will be required to lie on their side. Harmonizing to Soper et Al ( 2008 ) scrutinies of the pancreas require high frequence echography ( 7.5- 12 MHz ) and get down by turn uping the aorta at the degree of the gorge to measure the pancreatic canal. Soper et Al ( 2008 ) further explain that the organic structure and the tail of the pancreas can so be visualised. Harmonizing to Soper et Al ( 2008 ) one time patients have recovered, they are discharged and able to restart their usual diet. Current research suggests that developments in EUS will travel beyond all right needle aspiration. Enerson ( 2005 ) believes that less invasive endoscopy equipment, which is capable of imaging variety meats next to the GI piece of land, will be developed and offer a new way sing the intercession procedure. Europiums can raise some issues with respects to the patients. First, the process requires patient engagement ; nevertheless it can be really uncomfortable and do the patient to experience ill doing the scan to be abandoned ( Shami A ; Kahaleh, 2010 ) . It is besides necessary to calm the patients when set abouting a EUS process, doing patients to go really dying. Talley ( 2007 ) besides suggests that patient medicines are an issue as they may non be able to take it at the regular clip due to the readying for the test ; these include diabetes and anti-coagulant medicines. Computed Imaging Kwon and Scheiman ( 2006 ) suggest that Computed Tomography ( CT ) is the mode of pick when diagnosis and presenting pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease. CT provides outstanding word picture of the abdominal variety meats and is widely used to place abdominal multitudes. Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) correlative this by composing how CT provides first-class anatomical item when imaging primary tumors and environing local invasions. In relation to the direction of patients, it is necessary to find the resectability which can be established by the presence of vascular engagement ( Kwon A ; Scheiman, 2006 ) . CT is considered the preferred mode for presenting due to the usage of contrast sweetening. Kwon and Scheiman ( 2006 ) explicate how a big endovenous dye bolus which enhances venous and arterial constructions is injected into the patient to accurately foretell surgical resectability. CT presenting can find how advanced the malignant neoplastic disease is and hence alter or deter mined patient direction. The information acquired from a CT scan is interpreted and displayed on a computing machine as an image. Harmonizing to Jackson and Thomas ( 2005 ) every pel is assigned a CT figure that is compared to that of H2O and displayed on a graduated table of units know as Hounsfield units. Each figure represents a shadiness of Grey which demonstrates the composing, nature and denseness of tissues. The graduated table below ( Figure. 2.0 ) shows the Hounsfield units assigned to each tissue type. Figure 2.0 The Hounsfield graduated table of CT Numberss. Taken from: Jackson A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) . Harmonizing to the Hirshberg Foundation ( 2010 ) utilizing a scope of Greies and associating them to the Hounsfield graduated table, creates a elaborate image of the pancreas. Von Hoff et Al ( 2005 ) further explains that on a CT scan compared to the normal pancreas, pancreatic carcinomas typically appear hypodense ab initio and so isodense in the ulterior phases. Secondary marks of a pancreatic carcinoma are clear on a CT scan, such as dilation of the pancreatic canal and the common gall canal, wasting of the pancreas and narrowing of next vascular constructions. Figure 2.1 A CT scan showing a ill enhanced mass in the caput of the pancreas. Taken from: Jackson A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) . Due to the usage of ionizing radiation, guidelines province that CT scans are merely to be carried out if requested by an appropriate accredited wellness supplier and supply sufficient medical information to warrant the scan ( Berland, 2006 ) . Guidelines suggest that when transporting out a CT scan steps should be put in topographic point to cut down the patient dosage and when possible, an alternate scan should be carried out ( Radiation protection, 2000 ) . The guidelines go on to province that CT scans of the venters should non be carried out on pregnant patients unless sound clinical grounds are given. Pancreas protocols for CT scans say patients should imbibe a liter of H2O 20 proceedingss prior to a scan. Pretorius et Al ( 2006 ) says patients should be changed into a gown and take all jewelry. Patients will so be asked to reply relevant inquiries associated with their wellness. Bruening et Al ( 2006 ) add that patients are positioned supine on the bed with their weaponries raised above their caput. Patients have a cannula inserted in their arm in order to shoot contrast intravenously. Lowry et Al ( 2008 ) suggests that scans should get down at the xiphoid and coating at the iliac crests. Scans are carried out pre-contrast and so at a 40 and 70 2nd hold one time the contrast has been added. Bruening et Al ( 2006 ) further explain that 120 Kv and between 165 and 240 ma should be used to transport out the scans. Developments in CT scanning allow for it to be combined with Positron Emissions Tomography ( PET ) to supply extra information. Although they are non used routinely for pancreatic malignant neoplastic diseases they can assist to polish a intervention program ( O’Reilly, 2010 ) . PET scanning combined with CT scanning can be used in the diagnosing and theatrical production of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease by showing sites of malignant neoplastic disease or redness in the organic structure ( figure 2.2 ) ( O’Reilly, 2010 ) . Figure 2.2. A combines PET/CT image showing an increased consumption in the pancreas CT can do issues sing the patient as it provides the patient with high doses of ionizing radiation and involves the disposal of endovenous contrast stuff. Lisle ( 2007 ) further explains that the iodized contrast media used in CT scanning can do jobs from the patient if their nephritic map is deficient or if they have an allergic reaction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) Magnetic Resonance Imaging involves the debut of a radiofrequency pulsation to excite the H protons. Harmonizing to Jackson A ; Thomas ( 2005 ) once the radiofrequency pulsation is turned off, the protons relax and return a signal to the sensor spiral which when paired with a computed creates an image. Harmonizing to Miura ( 2006 ) MRI offers first-class soft tissue contrast and besides the ability to analyze the pancreatobiliary system non-invasively. Miller et Al ( 2006 ) correlative this and suggest that MRI scans are utile in the rating of elusive, non-contour deforming pancreatic multitudes. Miura ( 2006 ) suggests that Gd enhanced scans are superior to CT when observing little tumors in the pancreas. Greenberger et Al ( 2009 ) further suggests that ; MRI has high sensitiveness when picturing the degree and features of a mass. MRI scanning is utile when measuring local tumor extension and vascular engagement and Miura ( 2009 ) suggests MRI has equal or better truth when presenting pancreatic carcinomas. Harmonizing to Neoptolemos ( 2009 ) MRI scanning can lend towards the direction of the patient by supplying information about the best attack for drainage and stenting. MRI is used in the appraisal of intervention response and the sensing of complications and return. This farther contributes to patient direction by finding the extent of the intervention needed ( Von Hoff et Al, 2005 ) . MRI scans can farther assist to find the appropriate intervention as it is better able to place surgical campaigners by qualifying little liver metastases every bit good as peritoneal and omental metastases ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . A normal Pancreas shows every bit high signal strength on a T1 fat suppressed scan due to the presence of acinous proteins ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Typically on pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 weighted images, pancreatic carcinomas show lower signal ( hypointense ) compared to normal pancreatic parenchyma ( Figure 3.0 ) . Characteristics of a pancreatic carcinoma on a MRI scan consists of the expansion of the pancreatic caput with distension of the pancreatic and common gall canal and wasting of the organic structure and tail of the pancreas ( Semelka, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Van Hoff et Al ( 2005 ) tumors are best visualised straight after the disposal of Gd as they stand out against the normal pancreas as hypointense ( Figure 3.1 ) . Fatty abnormalcies within the pancreas can frequently look as a malignant neoplastic disease on CT and EUS scans, MRI nevertheless can distinguish the features and separate a fatty abnormalcy from a malignant neoplastic disease ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Figure 3.0 A Magnetic resonance image showing a carcinoma affecting the pancreatic caput and falsifying the superior mesenteric vena. ( Taken from: Van Hoff et Al, 2005 ) . Figure 3.1 A Gd enhanced, T1 weighted fat suppressed scan shows several pealing enhanced liver lesions ( short white pointers ) proposing liver metastases. Dilated pancreatic canals are besides demonstrated ( white pointer ) every bit good as a ill defined mass in the pancreatic caput ( black pointer ) . The white pointer caput shows a bilious stent. ( Taken from: Miller et al, 2006 ) . Figure 3.0 Figure 3.1 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography scans ( MRCP ) can be performed as an option to Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) . MRCP scans examine the ductual constructions of the liver and the pancreas and are a critical procedure when looking at dilation of the canals in peculiar ( Jackson A ; Thomas, 2005 ) . MRCP scanning is a utile tool when exposing the ‘double canal ‘ mark in patients with clogging icterus which can bespeak a mass in the caput of the pancreas, nevertheless MRCP provides no information in the theatrical production of a pancreatic carcinoma. Siegelman ( 2010 ) suggests that vascular engagement and liver metastases are better detected on non-MRCP pulse sequences. Roth and Seeram ( 2002 ) state how guidelines province that anyone being scanned should be carefully screened in order to guarantee their safety within the MRI scanner. This should affect questionnaires to find whether patients have any metallic implants or gait shapers that could be affected by the magnetic environment. FDA guidelines besides province that as the safety of MRI when imaging a fetus has non been identified, patients should be advise in order to do an informed determination about go oning with the scan ( Roth A ; Seeram, 2002 ) . Prior to a MRI scan, patients will be changed into a infirmary gown and take lose jewelry. Roth and Seeram ( 2001 ) explain that patients will make full out questionnaires in order to declare themselves fit for the scan. Patients will be fitted with a working venflon in order to administrate contrast. The patient will be supine on the tabular array with the respiratory bellows underneath them and connected at the top. The cardiac spiral will be placed onto the patient at the degree of the liver. The patient will come in the scanner pess first and be centred at the xiphoid. A assortment of sequences are so carried out including: Axial and coronal T2 weighted scans Axial T1 gradient reverberation scan Axial and coronal unenhanced fat suppressed T1 weighted scan Axial and coronal fat suppressed Gd enhanced T1 weighted scans MRCP ( Miller et al, 2006 ) . Semelka ( 2001 ) suggests that the hereafter will see the correlativity of CT and MRI images in the diagnosing of pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease. Semelka ( 2001 ) further explains that by uniting CT and MRI images, a better and more comprehensive nature of look intoing the pancreas will be available. Lisle ( 2007 ) suggest that issues rise as patients are unable to be scanned if they are fitted with a cardiac gait shaper as the magnetic current can do it to halt. Patients that have metallic implants, such as joint replacings are besides unable to be scanned as the magnetic Fieldss are so strong. In add-on to this, claustrophobia proves to be a great patient issue as the scanner is narrow and scan times are long. Overall, Miller et Al ( 2006 ) suggest that even though CT is the constituted imagination techniques for the rating of pancreatic carcinomas, the superior contrast declaration of MRI may break detect lesions of the pancreas. They go on to propose that MRI is superior to CT as it can be used without the demand of iodized contrast. Besides, MRI is able to set up the nature of the mass unlike EUS and CT. CT nevertheless, is quicker and more tolerable than MRI scanning and uses the Hounsfield graduated table to supply accurate images of the pancreas and the environment vascular engagement. Due to the intimacy of the transducer to the internal variety meats, EUS provides elaborate images that can find whether a mass is present. However, it is invasive and uncomfortable for the patient and can non distinguish between a malignance and a fatty mass. Word count: 2,898 ( Not including images amounting to merely over half a page ) . How to cite Imaging In Diagnosis Pancreatic Cancer Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Cold War Essays (1279 words) - , Term Papers

The Cold War Some say that it is useless to speak of world peace or world law or world disarmament - and that it will be useless until the leaders of the Soviet Union adopt a more enlightened attitude. I hope they do. I believe we can help them to do it. But I also believe that we must reexamine our own attitude - as individuals and as a Nation - for our attitude is as essential as theirs. And every graduate of this school, every thoughtful citizen who despairs of war and wishes to bring peace, should begin by looking inward - by examining his own attitude toward the possibilities of peace, toward the Soviet Union, toward the course of the cold war and toward freedom and peace here at home. President John F. Kennedy, American University Speech, June 10, 1963 The Cold War was a time in American History during the twentieth century where the Communist nations were fighting against the non-Communist nations. However, the main countries involved, or the ones leading the two sides were the United States and Russia. The United States led the fight against Communist nations, like Russia. But these intense rivalries didn't just go on in the type of government that should be used or in who could develop the most advanced and most powerful nuclear weapon of the time. This rivalry went into the culture of American societies. The Russians were always being viewed as the toughest rival and the team to beat according to the US. It is similar to how teams think of the defending champions in a sport. The team playing the defending champions wants to come out hyped up and with their ?A-game? every time they are competing with them. Another impact it had on the American society was how people started acting and thinking. In many of the movies and televisi on shows of the time, most people wouldn't have noticed, but the directors and producers were hiding subliminal messages in them. Some of them depicting how awful the Russians were or how supreme the Americans were. But was American society affected by the Cold War, or was America just trying to make their society better to show it off to the other countries? Basically, did America's way of life and economy during the cold war improve because they wanted it to show it off or was it a necessity? The Cold War did affect the American's way of life. America was a young nation and it was just beginning to develop into a dominant country. It first really just established itself as a world power during the two world wars. Therefore, the cold war was a time in which Americans were trying to get a name for themselves by showing how great, life in their country was. Shows like Leave It to Beaver and Father Knows Best portrayed the stereotypical American families. Even though everyone knows that there is no such thing as a perfect family, people still enjoyed watching these types of shows. Commercials, or shows like I Love Lucy, showing the stereotypical woman or housewife in the kitchen were another way of showing things off. It is really very difficult to always own the latest models of things coming out. So a woman in a kitchen with all the new appliances is really unlikely. This was another way of showing off to other countries how life was or wasn't. However, the show I Love Lucy , mainly showed how much freedom a woman had when her husband wasn't home. Lucy constantly did foolish things that weren't exactly the ways women were supposed to have been behaving. Once again, the United States was portraying how great life was in America compared to other countries. The majority of the television shows during the 1950s showed no poverty, death, ethnic mixing, or racial tension. It just presented the ?perfect world.? Juxtaposed, it could be argued that the Cold War didn't help shape the American society. American life could have just formed like how it was supposed to happen; like human nature. When the men all came back from World War II, many women lost their jobs and weren't as active as they were during

Free Essays on Hamlet And Revenge

Hamlet and Revenge In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, revenge takes its foothold on the main character, Hamlet as he tries to avenge his father’s death. Revenge is a kind of wild justice which man’s typical nature runs toward (ERH). â€Å"The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs for which a law has not been set forth to remedy: but then let a man take heed the revenge be such, as there is no law to punish: else, a man’s enemy is still beforehand, and it is two for one (Bacon).† In all tragedies, a crime is committed and for various reasons laws and justice are unable to punish the one who committed the crime. Thus, the individual who is the main character, namely Hamlet, goes through with the vengeful act in spite of the dire consequences assured to come. Firstly, Hamlet is approached by the ghost of his deceased father. He learns that his uncle has murdered his father. His mother is also consumed in the tragedy, in that she remarries to Hamlet’s uncle in a rather brief period of time after the King’s death. The incestuous relationship between his mother and his uncle also adds to Hamlet’s mounting fury. The apparition then, is that from which Hamlet’s revenge springs forth. The first in Hamlet’s series of changes is one of doubt. He somewhat doubts the apparition and therefore, devises a plan in which to prove whether his uncle is the true murderer. Hamlet puts on a play, †The Mousetrap† for the new King and Queen. In this play, Hamlet reenacts the way in which the apparition says he was killed. In the midst of the play, the King stands and walks out torn by rage. Hamlet no longer needs proofthe King’s unsettled heart made the play unbearable; thus, Hamlet knew then the source from which his revenge stemmed. Once the period of doubt had been passed by, Hamlet then entered a state seen by many as madness. He ranted incessantly about things which no one could conjure sense from. T... Free Essays on Hamlet And Revenge Free Essays on Hamlet And Revenge Hamlet and Revenge In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, revenge takes its foothold on the main character, Hamlet as he tries to avenge his father’s death. Revenge is a kind of wild justice which man’s typical nature runs toward (ERH). â€Å"The most tolerable sort of revenge is for those wrongs for which a law has not been set forth to remedy: but then let a man take heed the revenge be such, as there is no law to punish: else, a man’s enemy is still beforehand, and it is two for one (Bacon).† In all tragedies, a crime is committed and for various reasons laws and justice are unable to punish the one who committed the crime. Thus, the individual who is the main character, namely Hamlet, goes through with the vengeful act in spite of the dire consequences assured to come. Firstly, Hamlet is approached by the ghost of his deceased father. He learns that his uncle has murdered his father. His mother is also consumed in the tragedy, in that she remarries to Hamlet’s uncle in a rather brief period of time after the King’s death. The incestuous relationship between his mother and his uncle also adds to Hamlet’s mounting fury. The apparition then, is that from which Hamlet’s revenge springs forth. The first in Hamlet’s series of changes is one of doubt. He somewhat doubts the apparition and therefore, devises a plan in which to prove whether his uncle is the true murderer. Hamlet puts on a play, †The Mousetrap† for the new King and Queen. In this play, Hamlet reenacts the way in which the apparition says he was killed. In the midst of the play, the King stands and walks out torn by rage. Hamlet no longer needs proofthe King’s unsettled heart made the play unbearable; thus, Hamlet knew then the source from which his revenge stemmed. Once the period of doubt had been passed by, Hamlet then entered a state seen by many as madness. He ranted incessantly about things which no one could conjure sense from. T...

The Orphan Train by Christina Baker Kline - Questions

'The Orphan Train' by Christina Baker Kline - Questions The Orphan Train by Christina Baker Kline moves back and forth between two stories that of a young orphan girl in the early twentieth century and that of a teenager in the modern-day foster care system. As such, book clubs that read this book have the opportunity to discuss American history, foster care issues or the relationships between characters in this particular novel. Choose among these discussion questions as you decide which threads are most interesting for your group to discuss more deeply. Spoiler Warning: Some of these questions reveal details from the end of the novel. Finish the book before reading on. Questions AboutThe Orphan Train The prolog gives away many of the details of Vivians life, such as when her parents died and the fact that her true love would die when she was 23. Did you remember these details as you read the novel? Do you think the prolog adds something important to the story?In many ways, the main story in this book is Vivians; however, the novels opening and closing chapters are in Spring Harbor in 2011 and contain Mollys story. Why do you think the author chose to frame the novel with Mollys experience?Were you more connected to one thread of the story the past or present, Vivians or Mollys? Do you think moving back and forth between time and the two stories added something to the novel that would have been missing if it was one linear story? Or do you think it detracted from the main narrative?Had you heard of the orphan trains before reading this novel? Do you think there were benefits to the system? What were the downsides that the novel highlighted?Compare and contrast Vivians experiences with Mollys. What are some ways that the current foster care system still needs to improve? Do you think any system could deal with the hole provided when a child loses his or her parents (either through death or neglect)? Molly and Vivian each held on to a necklace linking them to their cultural heritage even though their early experiences within those cultures were not entirely positive. Discuss why you think heritage is (or is not) important to personal identity.Does molly complete a portage project for school answering the questions, What did you choose to bring with you to the next place? What did you leave behind? What insights did you gain about whats important? (131). Take some time as a group to share your own experiences moving and how you would answer these questions personally.Did you think Vivian and Mollys relationship was believable?Why do you think Vivian chose to give up her baby? Vivian says of herself, I was a coward. I was selfish and afraid (251). Do you think thats true?Why do you think Vivian eventually takes Molly up on her offer to help her reconnect with her daughter? Do you think that learning the truth about Maisie had an impact on her decision?Why do you think Vivians story helps Molly experience more peace and closure with her own? Rate The Orphan Train on a scale of 1 to 5. The Orphan Train by Christina Baker Kline was published in April 2013Publisher: William Morrow288 Pages

English Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

English Composition - Essay Example They are country people who are happy living on the edge of the country which is shown when a cow pokes around the backyard. Maggie is content with the idea that she will be marrying an unattractive but dependable man who she doesn’t really love but who she is comfortable with. He also lives in their small town so she won’t need to move too far away from her mother. When she was little, she was trapped in a fire that caused scarring on her arms and legs. Her own ugliness makes her shy and withdrawn. This idea is carried through the story as Maggie seems to only hover around the edges of her sister’s visit. In her interests and activities, Maggie is more like her uneducated mother. Although she tries to read to her mother in the evenings like Dee did, â€Å"she stumbles along good-naturedly but can’t see well. She knows she is not bright.† She is used to doing things the same way her ancestors did which is made clear when it’s mentioned that s he understood the â€Å"small sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wood† of the butter churn’s dasher. While she values the family’s cultural treasures, she values them on a number of levels. Maggie enjoys her heritage from a lived experience. Dee, on the other hand, is known for her good looks, her outgoing charm and her ‘refusal to be denied.’ Her mother talks about how she’s had a charmed childhood. She was always able to get her way with other people. She had and still has natural charm and good looks. She is also intelligent which made it possible for her to reach a higher level of education than the rest of her family. Although her mother doesn’t know whether or not Dee’s married to the man she travels, but Mama is afraid to ask. Overall, Dee’s attitude is very much like a middle class urban woman. This life doesn’t seem to be completely satisfying though since she spends her visit desperately

Service blueprint for Coyote LocoServices marketing Essay

Service blueprint for Coyote LocoServices marketing - Essay Example The lines of visibility refer to the management decision on what a customer should see and which waiters will be in contact with customers. The decision of the manager is to keep resources such as the chef out of sight so that the customer will believe that the staff are working hard. The internal interaction consists of the interaction between the marketing staff and the restaurant assistants, the relationship between the kitchen staff and the chef, the janitorial crew and the kitchen helpers. The company recently retrained its staff to reduce flight delays and improve interaction with customers. The result was more passengers and the continued profitability of the company The five tangible cues or indicators of quality from the customer's perspective are these: a.) tangibles - which refers to the physical facilities, equipment and the appearance of personnel; b.) reliability -which refers to the ability to perform the promised service accurately; c.) assurance - which refers to the willingness to help the customers to provided excellent service; c.) responsiveness - which refers to the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust in the customer; and d.) empathy- which refers to the caring and individualized attention the restaurant p[provides to its customers. All the steps in the process are necessary to attain a high quality of service.Standardization is possible and advisable throughout the process for as long as quality, reliability an d responsiveness are observed by all the employees.The potential fail points are located in the waiting time and the transaction time. Waiting time is incurred in the preparation of the menu and the drinks which may result in lower customer satisfaction. The possibilities to reduce the perceived time is by providing cable television for the customers to watch, magazines and newspapers in the area, offering of free drinks and engaging banter with the customer.They could be designed out of the process, or what service recovery procedures could be introducedThe potential measures of performance are as follows: excellent technical quality, right image of the restaurant based on the promise of service provided by advertising and market communications and excellent functional quality. The technical quality knowledge giver is expected to know the offering in depth and detail so that information about its utility and application can be provided on demand. He or she must also be technically competent to deliver the service expected, adapting as needed to varied or changing customer need. The first service is provided by the chef and his kitchen staff. The second level of skill pertains to functional quality which is also known as customer relationship. Here it is often as simple as whether the service -giver treats the customer as a unique and important individual to be served. The waiters and service managers carry out the second type of service which consists of welcoming the customer, providing them the menu cards and collecting their bill. Service with a smile is easy to propose, difficult to impose. Smiling is

Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation

Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation In this second chapter of the literature review, the theoretical background of motivation is explained. This chapter will align major factors like the importance of motivation, what motivate individual to engage in adventure tourism, specially the baby boomers, and how motivation could help in the decision making process. 3.1. Motivation The theory of motivation was first developed during the Post-World War II, more precisely during the 50s and 60s (Zehrer and Siller, 2007). The term Motivation is originated from the Latin word Movere, and this means to move (Wing, 2011). Motivation can be defined as the process by which an individual will be determined to take action or behave in a certain manner (Decrop, 2006). Motivation is known to be one of the fundamental reasons to understand and explain why does behavior happened. (Snepenger, King, Marshall, and Uysal, 2006) in (Phan, 2010). Moreover, Solomon (2004) described motivation as a driving force that pushes individuals to action. Motivation is all about a state of need and desire to do and achieve something (Moutinho, 2000) in (Esichaikul, 2012). 3.2. Motivation in the tourism context Understanding the concept of motivation in tourism is to understand the basic motives and reasons for tourists to travel (Trang, 2011). Several studies have been undertaken on tourism motivations, it includes Plog (1974), Crompton (1979), Hudman (1980); Dann (1981); IsoAhola (1982); Beard and Ragheb (1983); Pearce and Caltabiano (1983); Mansfeld (1992); Uysal and Hagan (1993); Fodness (1994); Gibson and Yiannakis (2002); Kozak (2002); Horner andSwarbrooke (2004); Kurzman and Zauhar(2005); Decrop (2006); Zehrer and Siller (2007); Devonish and Jonsoon (2008); Romando (2008); Esichaikul (2012). Lots of research has been undertaken on tourist motivation to travel to a particular destination but little has been done on motivation of tourists to participate in leisure or adventure activities. Few have been analyzed as part of research and most commonly and recent ones well known are from Hudson (2003); Pomfret (2004); Phan (2010); Smerek (2010); Reynolds and Hritz (2012). Referring to Leipers philosophy, understanding tourists consumer behavior is an essential tool for successful tourism planning and marketing activity (Choibamrong, 2005). It is obvious that consumers behavior is by no means easy and is influenced by so many factors principally in globalization era 3.3. Adventure, baby boomers and Motivation Sung et al (1997) in Sung et al (2004) stated thatin adventure travel it is significant to understand the main motives of people to engage in specific activities, analyzing the travelers characteristics such as demographic information, psychographics like main needs and wants and their principle expectation (Weber, 2001). Studies have demonstrated that older tourists perceived adventure tourism more tempting and want to adventure themselves to gain a personal satisfaction (Gibson and Singleton, 2011). Some older people have the desire to get away from stress and boredom of daily routine. They want to enjoy their holidays with a range of exciting and new physically challenging activities and meet new people to build up relationships (Camden and Mccoll-Kennedy, 1990; Kludge, 2005).To understand motivation in leisure activities is to understand what encouraged tourists to choose a certain activity (PhanThi Kim Lien, 2010). Empirical studies have shown that the Travel Career Ladder (TCL) model was an adequate instrument in understanding travel motivation (Kim, 1997; Lee, 1998; Loker-Murphy, 1995; Mills, 1985; Pearce, 1988, 2005; Teichmann and Zins, 2009). The TCL model is the most probableapplication for the design of motivational research for special markets such as eco tourists for instance (Pearce, 2005). From this statement, we deduct that the model is thus observed to be a suitable tool for adventure tourism. The concept of the TCL model was initiated by Pearce (1988)and updated in his publication in 2005, The Tourist Behavior: Themes and Conceptual Schemes (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Adapted from Maslows (1970), Pearce adopt the five hierarchical categories of influencing the tourist motivation (Teichmann and Zins, 2009). This includes Biological needs (Relaxation needs), safety and security needs (or level of stimulation), Relationship development and extension needs, self-esteem and development needs and Self-actualization and fulfillment needs. The TCL presumed that tourists when gaining more travel experience will go up the ladder towards high-level needs. Figure 2 demonstrate the hierarchy of Pearce Travel career ladder:This includes Fulfillment level, Self-esteem and development, relationship, stimulation and relaxation. http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0160738398000449-gr1.gif Figure 2: Hierarchy of Pearce Travel Career ladder Source: Ryan (1998) According to the TCL model and diverse tourist motivation and experience, people may start at different level of the ladder; this may varies with some up warding the ladder and some others down warding it (McNeil and Williams, 2011). For instance, a new tourist in adventure might wish to start with a soft activity like bird-watching or horse-riding, an activity that demand less physical efforts, low in risk and experience peace and harmony. Moreover considering the security and safety needs, one must wish an activity low from risk while the other one seeking for adrenaline might want an activity high in risk. As per Phan (2010), someone might have a greater need for achievement rather than a need foraffiliation, power, or uniqueness. This can involve participating in an activity or doing something all alone isolating themselves from others so as to satisfy main needs and desires. Additionally, such individuals like to set personal goals that are neither too low in a way for it to be achievable nor too high that would be impossible. It is significant to point out that similar to Maslows hierarchy of needs, the TCL coincide with the theoretical framework, because it clearly shows that as people acquire more experiences, their motivation tend to change (Ryan, 1998). Moreover, Ryan (1998) notes that those traveling for the first time might prefer to book a package tour for more security butin time and with more experience will opt for a more self-arranged travel itinerary (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Similarly, Crompton (1979) came out with seven dimensions of motivation as an influence to leisure this include escapism; relaxation; prestige; exploration and self-evaluation; regression; kinship relationships enhancement and facilitation of social interaction. It is further observed that motives for social interaction, enhancement of human relations and pleasure seeking has repetitively been observed and analyzed as major motivating factor in different studies (Beard and Ragheb, 1983; Kim and Chalip, 2004; Kozak, 200 2; Wann, Ensor and Bilyeu 2001; Zhang and Lam, 1999), cited in (Regan and Carlson, 2009). Another tool, well known in evaluating tourist motivation is the leisure motivation scale of Beard and Ragheb (1980; 1983). This is found to be a suitable tool in measuring leisure motivation factor since it encompassesintellectual, social, mastery/competence, and stimulus avoidance motives. The intellectual elements mean that people participating in leisure activities are in quest of discovery, increase their knowledge. The second factor is the social motive; this implies a personal motive that will satisfy human relationship with others, a sense of belonging, and respect from others (Maslows hierarchy, 1943). The third motivational factor is competence/mastery motive. This stimulates individuals engaging in leisure physical activities to achieve, master, challenge and compete. The last motive is the stimulus-avoidance motive, which is about escapism from the monotonous routine, stress and tension, or to refresh and have rest in a new environment (Phan, 2010; Niemela, 2010). 3.4. Segmentation based on motivation According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004: 158), Market Segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct market mix.When talking about motivation, it is important to consider the aspect of segmentation. The baby boomers could be considered as one segment of new or future retirees but their motives are diverse (Phan, 2010). Categorizing the motives into different characteristics will help researchers and marketers to benefit from profound and useful information. It has been observed that the expansion of adventure tourism is principally due to a demographic, personal, socio-economic, political and technological change (Swarbrookeet al. 2003). It is true that changes are not constant and keep updating, but such trends are known to be basis of forecasts for several researchers. One of the most important influences of tourist motivation is the demographic characteristics (Rose and Kahle, 1998; Muso, Hall and Higham, 2004; Bonera, 2008). Demographics element consists of gender, age category, family patterns, nationality (Swarbrookeet al. 2003; Bonera, 2008; Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). Many women have few children or have already adult children living on their own and as part of family and household structure; there are more single-parent families and childless couples (Swarbrooke et al. 2003). Another aspect which is gaining more persuasion on the tourist motivation is age (Bonera, 2008). Gibson and Yiannakis (2002) have studied this theory, underlying the tourism reason through a life cycle. This explains that those baby boomers aged from 47 to 50 are more motivated to travel and engage in activities due to superior economic benefit. This additionally led to a desire to show off their status reached, in quest of challenge and adrenaline or simply a desire to experience something new completely different from their usual routine. While those aged between 50 and 55 years old, and those over 65 are more involved in soft activities that demand less effort and where security is mended. On the other hand other research has found that gender and age are factors affecting the perceived image and choice for particular leisure areas (Baloglu, 1997; Baloglu and McCleary, 1999; Chen and Kerstetter, 1999; Walmsley and Jenkins, 1993).In opposition, Andreu, Kozac, Avci and Cifter (2005) found that age of someone do not have any striking influence on the motivation. The authors assessed that females had stronger motivations to travel than males where male tourists had a preference for more demanding recreational activities, asking for actionswhile female tourists had a stronger need for relaxation and escape-based motives (Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). As mentioned earlier, nationality as well as culture can influence the tourist choice in engaging in adventure activities (Swarbrooke et al.2003). This includes tourists from cold areas traveling in warm areas or vice versa, choosing a destination where the climate might be more adequate and better to practice a particular activity than would have been in their country. This can include tourists from European market coming to exotic destination to do water sport activities like whitewater rafting, kite surfing, or wind surfing such activities being more suitable for exotic destination having the sea, good wind conditions and deep waves. These demographic trends are a result of a change in social advancement and more financial power; moreover there are socio-economic factors. Socio-economic trends include income and time disposable, changing attitudes to ageing, lifelong education, Health and fitness. In todays world, baby boomers have the time, tendency to travel and experience new activities but more importantly have the money to enjoy all the privilege of recreational activities (Patterson, 2006). It is observed that in nearly all developed countries, those people being 55 or above benefit from better discretionary income having all investments and debts cleared for the house, having adult children no longer dependent on them (Chon and Singh, 1995). As seen previously, baby boomers tend to be more educated than their predecessors (Patterson, 2006). Mintel (2000b) state leisure is perceived as a personal growth since individuals turn out to be more full-grown and more educated. As a result, these people are more interested to engage in adventure for self-development and to improve lifelong education (Swarbrookeet al .2003). Moreover, an increase in healthier way of life is an indication of more baby boomers participation in adventure activities. A modernization in technology has result in an impressive increase in adventure participation. This has improved the ease of access to many adventure recreation sites. Subsequently, technological improvements have brought some facilities to the skill of the participant primarily while engaging in dangerous proceedings or environments. There is also progression in clothing and equipment, for example climbing ropes (Ewert and Hollenhorst, 1997). Baby boomers are really concerned about safety and security aspects and such measures being taken by adventure operators has encourage further participation. In addition, due to the technological advancement, baby boomers are now arranging their own trip arrangement through direct reservation on the internet, looking on their own for discounted prices rather than going to tour operators. Parr (2012) identified this trend and argue that internet booking has known a rapid growth since 7years. In 2005, they used to book their holidays through dire ct travel agency but in 2012, this has dropped down and more baby boomers are now finding it easier and cheaper to book on the internet. 3.5. Push and Pull Factors The key to comprehend tourism motives in any tourism literature is often categorized into the terms push and pull forces (Crouch et al, 2004). Dann (1977) was the first researcher to propose these two dimensions, other researchers relied on the theory as well (Crompton, 1979; Mannel and Iso-Ahola, 1987; Bandura, 1987; Yuan and Donald, 1990; Andreu, Bigne and Cooper, 2000; Kozak, 2002; Swarbrooke et al, 2003; Woodside and Martin, 2008). 3.5.1. Push factors Push factors can be defined as intangible factors that push a tourist away from his home, while Pull factors are tangible factors pulling tourists towards a destination (Andreu, Bignr and Cooper, 2000) in (mo 44). Push factors are often related to inner motives such a desire for novelty and escapism (mo 29) and pull factors similar to outer motives like the attractiveness of a particular destination or activity (mo 29). Conventionally, push motives were considered as functional to elucidate the reasons for travelling, in this study engaging in the activities while pull motives is observed as practical to give explanation to the actual destination or activities choice (mo 27). Push factors are principally known to be socio-psychological motives that affect the tourist consumer decision, whilst pull factors are those stimuli that pulled someone to try the experience (Mo 37). Crompton (1979) in partial agreement with Dann (1977) considers seven push factors include escapism from the daily routine, examination and evaluation of self-development and progress, in quest of new friendship and social relationship. The pull motives involve novelty and education (mo 47), (mo 6). Baby boomers are mostly pushed in adventure tourism for fun (Hudson, 2003). Baby boomers are in quest of latest and exciting adventure experiences, test their physical abilities and continue to be more active. Swarbrooke et al (2003) (Mo 1). Patterson (2006) points out that some are really seeking bigger change, diversity, challenge to escape the monotony of everyday routine. On the other hand, Muller and OCass (2001) put forward the notion of subjective age as foremost motive for baby boomers to take on adventure travel. Older people have this desire and nostalgia to feel younger and their trip and choice preferences are frequently similar to younger people (Patterson, 2006). There is nowadays an increasing consideration and need for personal development, this was principally due to higher education, professional development and excellence and thanks to globalization that such demand and motives have been popularized (Swarbrooke et al.,2003). 3.5.2 Pull factors Pull factors are also known as outer motivations (Robinson et al, 2011), where individuals is pulled or enticed by other factors to engage in something while the decision has already been made (Lam and Hsu, 2006). On the other hand, Jang and Cai (2002, p.114) state that pull elements is what influence someone in its decision, this encompass the When, Where and How to do things. In the context of Adventure Tourism, destination is one element of pull factors that play a vital role in the motivation of individuals (Ewert, 1985; Millington et al., 2001, p.77). This could be choosing a destination because of the beauty that comprise its natural surrounding, for instance taking the decision to go for Safari in Kenya or going for mountaineering in the Himalayas. Moreover, the pull factor could be due to a favorable weather condition (Pomfret, 2004).For example, to enjoy from a good weather conditions for kite surfing in Mauritius, one should participate in it during the winter season, starting from June to November. These periods are suitable since the island is under the South East Trade winds influence. In addition, the natural environment in which the activity is occurred can be studied all the way through the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Pomfret, 2004). The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum can be defined as the availability of the choice to participate in a preferred recreation activity within a preferred setting and to enjoy the desired experience (The British Columbia Resources Inventory Committee, 1998, p. Iv). This encompasses a range of setting prior to the physical environment including majorly access, remoteness, naturalness as well as the countryside and topography (Clarke and Stankey, 1979). This natural setting in adventure tourism could be seen as an influential factor. For instance, a baby boomer might prefer a natural landscape where access is not so easy, requiring a minimum level of risk, being totally primitive and one with nature. On the contrary, another can be looking for a site where access is easy, easy-doing activities and where they could benefit from som e facilities on-site. Therefore, it is to be noted that the decision to participate in the activity was already made; nevertheless the characteristics of the location could act as a dominant feature in the individuals choice. Finally, there are the marketing elements acting as basic stimuli as part of pull factor. This include the marketing mix which is product, place, price, promotion (Kotleret al., 2008), followed by promotional and advertising aspects (Goosens, 2000). Though through brochures, travel books and internet, individuals are persuaded or stimulated to engage in a particular activity.